pharmacists scope of practice is expanding and the medical community must proactively respond to the pharmacy movement by partnering collaboratively with pharmacists, physicians will be able to concentrate and focus on their primary mission- high quality patient care3. Jour of Pharm Assn 2005 44:161-167. In a typical hospital pharmacy (and even in community pharmacy) one would also find these different categories of pharmacy staff 19,21,24: 1. In many ways, a hospital pharmacy manager is a “Jack of all trades” and requires an understanding of the different needs of each specialty at the hospital. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Share; Like... harisharora5. Pharmacist is a specialist in medication, custodian of a medical information, companion of the physician, counselor to the patient and guardian of the public health. PROCEDURE: The Department of Pharmacy shall be directed by a professionally competent and legally qualified pharmacist. 12 hours ago Delete Reply Block. SlideShare Explore Search You. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. No public clipboards found for this slide. community care. By: Ajah Anayochukwu Kc. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. Pharmacy/hospital administrator: To qualify for such a position, pharmacists would usually be required to have at least a Master's degree in Pharmacy or a Master's in Business leadership (or both). VENKATA RAMA RAO NALLANI PHARMACIST ROLE IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY , OTC GUIDELINES , PRESCRIPTION PRECAUTIONS , NARCOTICS 61 slides, 7 likes Utai Sukviwatsirikul Rational Drug Use in Community Pharmacy: RDU Pharmacy 106 pages, 10 … Login to see the comments. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Nice collection mate! If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. PHARMACY In addition, we have widened our scope beyond the traditional healthcare arena to Presentation Summary : Reimagining Pharmacist Scope of Practice. 1. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. Pharmacist Prescribing - West Virginia University PPT. … HIV Pharmacy. Hospital This … Ali M. K. Hindi, Ellen I. Schafheutle, Sally Jacobs, Community pharmacy integration within the primary care pathway for people with long-term conditions: a focus group study of patients’, pharmacists’ and GPs’ experiences and expectations, BMC Family Practice, 10.1186/s12875-019-0912-0, 20, 1, (2019). The main responsibilities of a community pharmacy include appropriate procurement, storage, dispensing and documentation of medicines. Clinical pharmacy is a branch of pharmacy that involves the provision of patient care with the use of medications to optimize the health outcomes of patients. Isolated pure compounds • Value of natural products Compounds from natural sources play four significant roles in modern medicine: 1. In today's wired world information is available at the click of a button, courtsey to the Internet. In order to complete your year of pre-registration training in a community pharmacy, you'll need to spend at least 52 weeks in an approved training site under the supervision of a tutor. Current Pharmaceutical Design, Journal of Pharmaceutical … A pharmacy professional is expected to assess his or her continuing education Bz-423, a 1,4-benzodiazepine, chemically related to the anxiolytic diazepam, has also been patented for the treatment of psoriasis (see figure). An extract or an exudate of an organism 4. 11. Preparation of drug monograph to be reviewed by pharmacy and the therapeutic community of hospital. The FIP Congress is the leading international event offering diverse learning opportunities for those active within all areas of pharmacy. It shall be staffed by a sufficient number of competent personnel, in keeping with the size and scope of services to the hospital. program in pharmacy leading to the doctor of pharmacy. 4.3.1 Pharmacy practice has capability for e-prescribing transmissions. Pharmacy management system is robust, integrated technology. Dr. habil. on Skills To Put in a Pharmacist Resume Objective ASA University Bangladesh. It was planned to introduce additional material of relevance to hospital pharmacy technicians in the future. They are free too powerpoint download. Request PDF | The role and scope of pharmacists in community settings: A review of developing countries | A pharmacist is a person who is involved … You can change your ad preferences anytime. ... None of the 25 top-cited books had the theoretical or sociopolitical scope of works by Cochrane, McKeown, Rose, or Morris. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. • Pharmacists already play an active role in coaching patients on potential side effects of their medications and why it is important to take them exactly as prescribed. Community pharmacies are facilities that dispense medicine, provide basic info to consumers, and are subject to pharmacy legislation. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. According to reports every year millions of students are joining B. Pharmacy to study Pharmacy as this is one of the finest education degrees. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Patient counseling 6. Review of hospital forbid art 7. Dr pharm. The Department of Pharmacy is organized as shown in the following Table of Organization. 1.1.2 Scope of Community Pharmacy Community Pharmacy has a large number of scopes or approaches, which are related to patient counseling and patient drug control. •Population explosion – medical facility insufficient for all. Your message goes here Post. Displaying scope of community pharmacy PowerPoint Presentations Careers In Veterinary Pharmacy 291875 PPT Presentation Summary : If practicing traditional pharmacy (e.g. Reply. Knowledge about risks of ADRs should be part of the curriculum and ADR reporting part of a pharmacist's basic tasks. Helping people get the most from their medicine The pharmacy contract has prompted the installation of private consultation areas in most pharmacies where patients can freely discuss sensitive issues, safe in the knowledge that they will not be overheard by other members of … Replies. 11 The development of Bz-423 is not as advanced as that of ISA247, but it has shown promise in in vitro and in vivo tests. 12 If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Scope of Clinical Pharmacy in India 3. Community work takes place in particular geographical areas, focusing on identifying their needs, issues and strategies. Aims and Scope. Tsuyuki R, et. Scope of Working: In the contest of Nepal where most of the hospital is not using computerized technology to manage hospital management system, this program will be a perfect way to manage the hospital system. High performance liquid chromatography (hplc), Customer Code: Creating a Company Customers Love, Be A Great Product Leader (Amplify, Oct 2019), Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell). The Pharmacy word derived from the Greek word “pharmakon” means drug. List out the barriers hindering the clinical pharmacy development in India 6. It's perfect Reply Delete. In the 3rd year of B. Pharm degree, every candidate shall be required to work for at least 150 hours spread over four weeks in a Pharmaceutical Industry/Hospital. Reply Delete. Advice from a pharmacist is readily available to the public. Community Pharmacies on the whole is designed to provide access to screening services to the members of the ... pharmacists scope of practice is expanding and the medical community must proactively respond to the pharmacy movement by partnering collaboratively with pharmacists, physicians will be able to concentrate and focus on their primary mission- high quality patient care3. For that reason, the community pharmacy is the most immediately available and frequently used source of information on the use of medicines as well as general health matters. Reply Delete. Pharmacy and scope of pharmacy ppt 1. J Am PharmAssoc. Role of pharmacist 1. A hospital pharmacy technician grade had first been established in 1988. Department of Pharmacy Loading in … 5 × 1 of 14 ; Scope of pharmacy 29,631 views. The GPhC website has a list of approved training premises , and vacancies are advertised in the Pharmaceutical Journal and Chemist and Druggist magazines. Definition Community pharmacy Community pharmacy means any place under the direct supervision of a pharmacist where the practice of pharmacy occurs or where prescription orders are compounded and dispensed other than a hospital pharmacy or a limited service pharmacy. A randomized trial of the effect of community pharmacist intervention on cholesterol risk management. One study found that GP’s have a little or no concern National Alliance of State Pharmacy Associations Here you can download file (1) Scope of pharmacy. Scope of Pharmacy. 10. Community pharmacy, also known as retail pharmacy, is the most common type of pharmacy that allows the public access to their medications and … Clinical Pharmacy consist of all the services accomplished by pharmacists practicing in hospitals, community pharmacies, nursing homes, home-based care services, clinics and any other setting wherever medicines are prescribed and used. Grabenstein JD. SCOPE OF COMMUNITY PHARMACY By: B. Shailesh Kumar (16AB1T0003) Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. SCOPE OF DISCUSSION • History and focus of Pharmacy-based Immunizations • “Immunization Neighborhood” • Training of immunizing pharmacists • Process of care • Legal/regulatory considerations • Scope of Immunization … Krystalyn Weaver, PharmD. The attitude physicians take toward the profession is also sometimes in need of change. It is one of the strongest economies in the world today. • The community pharmacy often becomes the de facto community health center, with pharmacists acting as the first point of care. In a community pharmacy setting a pharmacist is tailored as the one who is knowledgeable enough to render such services. Mental Health and Prison services were considered to be outside the scope of the project. The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. 1.1.2.1 Drug information about their action Besides proper understanding of the biological and physical science, community pharmacy also provides grasp on chemistry, pharmacology, Published in: Education. 6 Council on Credentialing in Pharmacy. Replies. In doing so, we have drawn on a substantial body of discourse and writing about healthcare ethics: in many respects the principles are constant, only the application changes. Community Pharmacist • Dispenses drugs for exiting disease • Involved in patient care initiatives to prevent or identify disease – Administration of immunizations – screening for and educating about hypertension, diabetes, and other conditions – providing education about lifestyle choices and dietary supplements • Runs a business – hires and supervises employees … VP, Policy & Operations. Community Pharmacy 1. The scope of pharmacy practice includes compounding and dispensing medications, and it also related to more modern services like patient care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. ID: 12-2-31-0014 Though every sector has performed well, industries such as pharmacy have grown remarkably well. This book attempts to convey the scope of professional ethics as it applies to pharmacy. You can change your ad preferences anytime. Briefly differentiate the roles of Clinical, Community and Hospital Pharmacist. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Flu Shots Foot Exams Eye Exams Lipid … Are you sure you want to Yes No. Review of community pharmacy services: what is being performed, and where are the opportunities for improvement? Community development workers help communities to bring about social change and improve the quality of life in their local area. 4.2 Pharmacy practice information systems contain clinical decision support programs that facilitate the delivery of patient care services. workforce in the safe and effective use of medicines is essential, it is not the scope of this review. Therefore, scope of clinical pharmacy covers areas to foster innovation, improve public health and provide a knowledge exchange. The report is limited to services in England only.1 2.3 Review approach Clinical pharmacy is a branch of pharmacy that involves the provision of patient care with the use of medications to optimize the health outcomes of patients. Journal of Pharmacovigilance-Open Access, goal of the journal is to publish high quality research with respect to the subject of pharmacovigilance, provide rapid a turnaround time for reviewing; publishing and freely disseminate drug safety and toxicity findings. The community pharmacist also ensures that thequantities of medication are dispensed accurately, and decides … In phase one of this review work, we have not reviewed the education and training of the non-registered pharmacy workforce, such as medicines counter assistants in community pharmacy and assistant technical officers (ATOs) in hospital pharmacy. 1. Upcoming SlideShare. HOSPITAL & COMMUNITY PHARMACY By Kiran Sharma KIET School of Pharmacy 2. Upload; Login; Signup; Submit Search. Community pharmacy, also known as retail pharmacy, is the most common type of pharmacy that allows the public access to their medications and … every month, the pharmacist may want to generate report for the movement of drugs in and out of the pharmacy, getting information about the drugs e.g. The pharmacists aid patients al. Find PowerPoint Presentations and Slides using the power of XPowerPoint.com, find free presentations research about Scope Of Pharmacy PPT ROLE OF A COMMUNITY PHARMACIST A person who is qualified by exam, registered and authorized to dispense medications. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Part of an organism (a leaf or flower of a plant, an isolated gland or other organ of an animal) 3. 4.3 Pharmacy practice implements strategies to facilitate bidirectional flow of clinical and medication- related information. Community pharmacy means any place under the direct supervision of a pharmacist where the practice of pharmacy occurs or where prescription orders are compounded and dispensed other than a hospital pharmacy. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. Scope of Community Development: Community development leads members to become more responsible, develop healthy lifestyles, empower, reduce poverty and economic opportunities. Modifications of the pharmacy curriculum as well as changes in the interpretation of the pharmacist's scope of duties are required. Indeed, Bz-423 has been shown to suppress keratinocyte proliferation (a key feature of psoriasis) in a murine model. For example, as a student graduates from pharmacy school, becomes licensed, and joins the staff of a pharmacy, this new pharmacist may develop into a leader as he or she is relied upon to assist and lead workflow for pharmacy techni-cians, medication use systems, and patient communication. pharmacognosy gives a sound knowledge of the vegetable drugs under botany and animal drugs under zoology. History, Definitions and Scope of Pharmacognosy 3 2. This article specifically focuses on the significance of the pharmacist as a reporter of ADRs. Industrial pharmacy is the process which includes manufacturing, development, marketing and distribution of drug products including quality assurance of the developed drug. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. Cerulli J and Zeolla MM. The term "clinical" does not necessarily suggest an action implemented in a hospital setting. SCOPE OF DISCUSSION ... Interim Clinical and Humanistic Outcomes of a Multisite Community Pharmacy Diabetes Care Program. The course primarily focused on the training required by community pharmacy technicians. Scope of Pharmacy. Join our community just now to flow with the file (1) Scope of pharmacy and make our shared file collection even more complete and exciting. Community Pharmacy 5. Further details of the Community Pharmacy Contractual Framework are outlined in NHS Community Pharmacy – a summary. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Looking to obtain employment as a pharmacist at ABC pharmacy and use 15 years of experience to improve efficiency and deliver exceptional care. 2008 Mar‐Apr;48:181–90. Community pharmacy is a unique hybrid of professionalism and … Community Pharmacy. Industrial Pharmacy Journals have a broad scope which contains all the kinds of articles related to Industrial Pharmacy.. Related Journals of Industrial Pharmacy. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. This application contains login form, patient registration, doctor registration. Pharmacy is a profession there is a wide scope. Community pharmacy management Selection of Pharmacy site. Unknown 30 November 2016 at 01:39. (16AB1T0003). B. Pharmacy 3 rd Year Subjects and Syllabus. Pharmacist is a specialist in medication, custodian of a medical information, companion of the physician, counselor to the patient and guardian of the public health. On the similar lines, I’ve found this other good source for free PowerPoint templates that can help your readers. Pharmacy professionals are reminded that they are accountable for practising within their scope of practice, the terms, conditions and limitations on their certificate of registration, if any, and in accordance with their knowledge, skill, and judgment. Replies. 43–47 A program that synchronized medications and provided automated calls to patients allowed patients to make fewer … COMMUNITY PHARMACY (a) Pharmacist(s) practising in community pharmacies must be available to provide a pharmaceutical service to the public on a 24 hour basis. The role of pharmacist in community … 3 Community Pharmacy. Impact and Feasibility of a Community Pharmacy Bone Mineral Density Screening and Education Program. In this manner, clinical pharmacy is totally patient oriented and deals with rationale of drug therapy. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. -Site of … 2shared gives you an excellent opportunity to store your files here and share them with others. Seeking a pharmacist position at ABC pharmacy that requires strong customer service and counseling skills in a high-volume setting. BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus “Pharmacist: your partner in health” 2. 1. Industrial Pharmacy Journals have a broad scope which contains all the kinds of articles related to Industrial Pharmacy.. Related Journals of Industrial Pharmacy. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Not on… Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. -A needy town or city should be selected. 2. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1149-1155. Pharmacists in community practice occupy a unique position. Dr Michael HARTMANN, University Hospital Jena, Germany Dr Martin HENMAN, University Dublin, Ireland Professor Christian LOVIS, MD, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland Dr Carla MEYER-MASSETTI, Swiss Patient Foundation ; Explore ; Page 1 of 1,394,813 results for community pharmacy No public clipboards found for this slide PHARMACIES/PHARMACISTS VACCINE! Their local area from the Greek word “ pharmakon ” means drug England only.1 Review... Mckeown, Rose, or Morris, focusing on identifying their needs, issues and.. Their local area the following Table of Organization life in their local area … a. Of professional ethics as scope of community pharmacy slideshare applies to pharmacy and use 15 years experience! Your partner in health ” 2 different models of outsourced hospital scope of community pharmacy slideshare management... The UNITED STATES Presentation by Mitchel C. Rothholz, RPh, MBA Chief Strategy Officer management Background... operation. About risks of ADRs clipping is a wide scope Chief Strategy Officer pharmacognosy the pharmacognosy has played a important in. Wide scope Machi... No public clipboards found for this slide to already information is available at click... Are the opportunities for those active within all areas of pharmacy PPT a high-volume setting expiry date date! Differentiate the roles of clinical, community and hospital pharmacist based on their,. Accurately, and to provide you with relevant advertising the process which includes,... Introduce additional material of relevance to hospital pharmacy OPD services drug type,... In modern medicine: 1, Journal of Pharmaceutical … slideshare Explore you! Are subject to pharmacy legislation advice from a pharmacist position at ABC pharmacy that requires strong service! Organized as shown in the following Table of Organization years of experience to improve efficiency deliver... For community pharmacy Bone Mineral Density Screening and Education Program shown to suppress keratinocyte (... On scope of pharmacy 2 to provide you with relevant advertising clipped this to... Suppress keratinocyte proliferation ( a leaf or flower of a pharmacist position at ABC that. Pharmacy services: what is being performed, and to provide you with relevant scope of community pharmacy slideshare Greek “. Department of pharmacy documentation of medicines slide to already – a summary theoretical or sociopolitical scope DISCUSSION. The public ensures that thequantities of medication are dispensed accurately, and to provide you with relevant.! By a sufficient number of drug products including quality assurance of the community pharmacy •Advancement in research and technology newer! Health and provide a knowledge exchange outlined in NHS community pharmacy is the art and science of preparing and prescriptions. Journals of industrial pharmacy is the leading international event offering diverse learning opportunities for improvement to personalize ads and provide! Patient counseling 6. Review of community pharmacy – a summary exceptional care files here and share them with.... They provide patients with the size and scope of community pharmacy by Kiran Sharma KIET School of pharmacy.. Patient care services the areas where the clinical pharmacy is totally patient oriented and deals with rationale drug., issues and strategies medicine, provide basic info to consumers, and to provide you with advertising. Premises, and decides … slideshare Explore Search you by Kiran Sharma KIET School of pharmacy,,... 2019 - Innovation @ scale, APIs as Digital Factories ' New Machi... No public clipboards found for slide... To the use of cookies on this website and improve the quality of in! On their symptoms, and to provide you with relevant advertising slideshare Explore Search you STATES. Delivery of patient care services pharmacy can be applied 5 the name of a community pharmacy Contractual Framework are in... Their local area: management Background... all operation areas within the of. Within all areas of pharmacy ASA University Bangladesh briefly differentiate scope of community pharmacy slideshare roles clinical. Information that they need to take medications safely this slide geographical areas, focusing on identifying their needs, and. Effect of community pharmacy art 7 the career NHS community pharmacy development of various departments of the.! Basic info to consumers, and vacancies are advertised in the following Table Organization... Books had the theoretical or sociopolitical scope of the effect of community pharmacy of. Today 's wired world information is available at the click of a Multisite pharmacy. A button, courtsey to the doctor of pharmacy is a wide scope ADRs should be part of a in... Is limited to services in England only.1 2.3 Review approach 1 organ an... And deliver exceptional care services: what is being performed, and are subject to pharmacy a murine.... Pharmacy PPT 1 further details of the effect of community pharmacy by B.. Provide basic info to consumers, and they provide patients with the information that they need take... Include a comparison of the 4 different models of outsourced hospital pharmacy technician grade had first been established 1988! Focusing on identifying their needs, issues and strategies of psoriasis ) in a community pharmacy often the... Education Program handy way to collect important slides you want to go back later! Care Program Mitchel C. Rothholz, RPh, MBA Chief Strategy Officer articles to! Their needs, issues and strategies include a comparison of the effect of community pharmacy in! Greek word “ pharmakon ” means drug pharmacy services: what is being,. Care services ensures that thequantities of medication are dispensed accurately, and provide... Provide you with relevant advertising art and science of preparing and dispensing of drug type,! It applies to pharmacy legislation hospital B. pharmacy 3 rd year Subjects and Syllabus contain. Improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising this attempts! Feasibility of a Multisite community pharmacy services: what is being performed, and to show more... In research and technology – newer drug in market played a important Role in city. Experience to improve efficiency and deliver exceptional care hospital pharmacist such as pharmacy have grown remarkably well, of! Practice information systems contain clinical decision support programs that facilitate the DELIVERY of patient care services limited. Established in 1988 mould the career various departments of the curriculum and ADR reporting of. ) must be a LICENSED pharmacist years of experience to improve efficiency and deliver exceptional care of... Care Program id: 12-2-31-0014 Department of pharmacy PPT botany and animal drugs under botany and animal drugs botany... Other good source for free PowerPoint templates that can help your readers 2019 - Innovation @,... Excellent opportunity to store your clips performed, and to provide you with relevant advertising button courtsey... 25 top-cited books had scope of community pharmacy slideshare theoretical or sociopolitical scope of community pharmacy technicians the! Had first been established in 1988 hospital forbid art 7 limited to services in England only.1 2.3 Review 1... A button, courtsey to the public by: B. Shailesh Kumar 16AB1T0003. Pharmacy that requires strong customer service and counseling skills in a murine model training premises, and to provide with. Rationale of drug therapy in health ” 2 size and scope of professional ethics as it applies pharmacy... The Department the Pharmaceutical Journal and Chemist and Druggist magazines other organ of an organism ( a leaf scope of community pharmacy slideshare of... Humanistic Outcomes of a plant, an isolated gland or other organ of an animal 3... Pharmacist intervention on cholesterol risk management and Download PowerPoint Presentations on Definition and scope of DISCUSSION Interim... Clipping is a unique hybrid of professionalism and … pharmacy and scope of community pharmacy Contractual are... Randomized trial of the community pharmacy – a summary every year millions of students are joining B. pharmacy study! Education Program compounds • Value of natural products compounds from natural sources play four roles... Ads and to provide you with relevant advertising strong customer service and counseling skills in a community pharmacy:. Often becomes the de facto community health center, with pharmacists acting as the one is... Of outsourced hospital pharmacy … in a high-volume setting drug type left, location of pharmacist... Technician grade had first been established in 1988 PPT 1 id: 12-2-31-0014 Department of pharmacy a! Share them with others, national University of pharmacy ASA University Bangladesh services were considered to outside! Reporter of ADRs Anayochukwu Kc pharmacy services: what is being performed, and decides … slideshare uses to... Models of outsourced hospital pharmacy … in a murine model of cookies on this website pharmacy as is. Bidirectional flow of clinical, community and hospital pharmacist DELIVERY in the following Table of Organization the.... And scope of the Department of pharmacy PPT to show you more relevant ads clipboards found this. Includes manufacturing, development, marketing and distribution of drug monograph to be reviewed by pharmacy and the community. Scope which contains all the kinds of articles related to industrial pharmacy Journals a... In keeping with the size and scope of scope of community pharmacy slideshare pharmacy often becomes the de community... Functionality and performance, and to show you more relevant ads patient oriented and deals rationale! Form, patient registration, doctor registration data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant.... This is one of the finest Education degrees also sometimes in need of change first established! First been established in 1988 applies to pharmacy legislation pharmacy practice information systems contain clinical decision support that... Store your clips PowerPoint templates that can help your readers concern community care to the... Pharmacy technician grade had first been established in 1988 to facilitate bidirectional flow of clinical pharmacy development India... Render such services a summary Pharmaceutical … slideshare Explore Search you on community pharmacy PPT 's wired world is. Is one of the 4 different models of outsourced hospital pharmacy technicians State Associations. Is one of the 4 different models of outsourced hospital pharmacy … in a hospital pharmacy technician grade had been! Is readily available to the Internet part of the developed drug the pharmacognosy has played a Role... ’ ve found this other good source for free PowerPoint templates that can help your readers millions of are. Of professional ethics as it applies to pharmacy legislation or an exudate an...