• Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) - the cumulative distance traversed by a vehicle from the instant a motorist sights an unexpected object in the roadway, applies the brakes, and is able to bring the vehicle to a stop. scope sighting in at short distance equal to being zeroed at long distance. The distance between your eyes is about 2” apart, and the distance from your eye to your extended finger is about 20” apart. Because there are differences between various vehicles, the following tables are for guidance only. 70mph x 4.5 = 315 feet. And I get it, there are a lot of choices out there… You’ve got 100 yards, 25 yards, 200, and each distance seems to have its own benefits and its own group of people who swear by it. This has been calculated by means of researchers measuring the braking distance. Or if you want to get really technical, the face of the front sight to the back of the rear sight blade. As the lens of the eye hardens as we age (the predecessor of frank cataracts) it changes the way light is "bent" as it enters the eye much the way different prescriptions in a pair of glasses do. If… The figure 0.4 is taken from the fact that the braking distance from 10 km/h in dry road conditions is approximately 0.4 metres. Where practical, provide the minimum length of sag vertical curve at grade separated structures. The distance measured on this type of ground will be equal to or very close to the horizontal distance. If the conditions are wet or damp, there will be less grip and the stopping distance will be further. If antilock brake systems are eventually mandated for trucks, current AASHTO stopping sight distance policy would adequately accommodate the needs of large trucks. Location L 114+00 Vic. The closer they are to each other, the smaller the sight radius. • Sight distance – Depending on the stopping distance at least 150 m sight distance should be maintained – but take care with alignment so that sight distance ALWAYS longer than required stopping distance Source: RJ Thompson. Most roads and numerous streets are considered to qualify as two-lane, two-way highways on which vehicles frequently overtake slower moving vehicles, the passing of which must be accomplished on lanes … Sight distance through a grade crossing needs to be as long as the minimum stopping sight distance and preferably longer. Sight Distance at Under-crossings. Your tyres make a huge contribution towards your stopping distances, particularly when it’s raining, or snowing, and if the temperature is very low. light'ly longer stopping sight distance than current AASHTO criteria and require vertical curve lengths that are shorter than current AASHTO criteria. You should always measure distances as horizontal distances. It's important to ask why you're having doubts or where your trust issues come from. In order to calculate the actual sight distance based on the geometry of the roadway,
First we calculate the reaction distance: The different methods provide different answers. states that the Desigl Stopping Sight Distance for a desigl speed of 60 MPH should be 570 feet . Questions to be Answered The selection and application of a sight distance criteria … The reaction distance is the distance you travel from the point of detecting a hazard until you begin braking or swerving. To calculate SSD on level grade, use the following formulas: a V SSD 1.47 Vt 1.075 2 = + (US Customary) Equation 28-1.1 a V SSD 0.278Vt 0.039 2 = + (Metric) Equation … Injuries and deaths from motorcycle collisions are primarily from A. driving too fast. If theintersection sight distance cannot be attained, additional safety measures should be provided. Answer: Some call this "second sight" which has a simple physiological explanation. Stopping sight distance is the sum of two distances: (1) the distance traversed by the vehicle from the instant the driver sights an object necessitating a stop to the instant the brakes are applied (Brake Reaction Distance); and (2) the distance needed to stop There are 3.3 feet in a metre – so divide the distance in feet by 3.3 to get the stopping distance in metres. Verdict: Not likely, but reading too much in general can affect your sight. A deceleration rate of 3.4 m/s 2 (11.2 ft/s 2) is used to determine stopping sight distance. a half marathon or marathon) or a speed race (like challenging your gym buddy to a 100m dash), your training should be tailored to that event. You must always remember that the overall stopping distance of your vehicle depends greatly on a considerable number of factors including: How fast you are travelling. Disclaimer: If you're training for a certain long-distance race (i.e. Line of sight may cut by the structure and limit the sight distance to less than otherwise is attainable. Estimating distance by using only your finger is based on this known fact about human anatomy: Your arm is about ten times longer than the distance between your eyes. Thus, in the simplified formula, we base our calculations on the braking distance at 10 km/h and increase it quadratically with the increase in speed. C. you need more clear sight distance. The most important point for any driver to remember is that if you double your speed — say from 30mph to 60mph — your braking distance does not become twice as long, it becomes four times as far. Approximately 90 percent of all drivers decelerate at rates greater than that. represents the object height for measuring stopping sight distance. AASHTO – “The available sight distance on a roadway should be sufficiently long to enable a vehicle traveling at or near the design speed to stop before reaching a stationary object in its path.” Sight distance along a roadway should provide enough distance for a driver to come to a complete stop after seeing a condition requiring the stop. d = reaction distance in metres (to be calculated).s = speed in km/h.r = reaction time in seconds.3.6 = fixed figure for converting km/h to m/s. While you’re outside soaking up the sunlight, you’ll also be soaking up a good dose of vitamin D – aka The Sunshine Vitamin. (This will be further explained later in the stopping sight distance section.) reaction time or braking distance, you might want to review those topics before continuing
You are driving at 90 km/h with a car with good tyres and brakes. The stopping distance is the distance travelled between the time when the body decides to stop a moving vehicle and the time when the vehicle stops completely. specifically designed with them in mind. brake reaction time is 100 feet and your braking distance is 130 feet, you will not be
Many translated example sentences containing "shorter stopping distance" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. Stopping Sight Distance. a 0.039 V Ss = 0.278 V t + 2 Table 1 : SSD on level roadways . Provide design stopping sight distance … you notice an object 200 feet ahead of you. • This is why designers do not adjust stopping sight distance because of grade. Equal distance vision in both eyes also has the benefit of binocular summation: Both eyes are better than one. Many people confuse short sightedness with long sightedness. Learn about and revise thinking distances, braking distances and how to calculate vehicle stopping distances with GCSE Bitesize Combined Science. (This will be further explained later in the stopping sight distance section.) The following excerpt was taken from the 1994 edition of AASHTO's A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (pp. Get Your Vitamin D On . Stopping Distance Vision is one of several types of visibility used in road design. B. the exposed position of the rider. The value of the coefficient of friction is a difficult thing to determine. The practical driving test eyesight test What’s the best distance to zero my Red Dot? that should be visible ahead of you, in order to ensure that you will be able to stop if
distance. Cataract Surgery Options for Distance, Intermediate and Near Vision There are many options to consider once you’ve made the decision to have your cataract removed. These may include, but are not limited to, advance warning … d = braking distance in metres (to be calculated).s = speed in km/h.250 = fixed figure which is always used.f = coefficient of friction, approx. Remember, the scope is still sighted in at 100 yards, and according to Weatherby's info the bullet should be dropping more than 3 feet at this distance. Then, close your left eye and look through your right eye, which will make your thumb appear to have moved to the left. The reaction distance is affected by. The stopping sight distance table isn't intended to represent a real vehicle. Scientifically, the coefficient of friction of approximately 0.7. D. the truck is in your blind spot. The farther back the officer, the less accurate the pace . short of the object. The brakes (condition, braking technology and how many wheels are braking). While many modern cars may indeed be able to stop in shorter distances than the official Highway Code states, a car’s condition can also have an impact. The braking distance and the brake reaction time are both essential parts of the stopping sight distance calculations. Stopping sight distance is required at all locations along the highway, to see an object in the roadway with enough distance to stop. The main assumptions are the height of the driver's
Young people have sharper senses but older people have more experience. The stopping sight distance is the sum of the braking distance and the distance traversed during the brake reaction time. Question: Overdriving your headlights is _____ A.) That’ll give you the stopping distance in feet, which is acceptable for the theory test. There are, of course, two very different reasons why people wear glasses – short-sightedness, or myopia, where things in the distance are blurry; … The stopping sight distance is typically required at all intersections and approaches. By yourinfo - Juni 16, 2018 - Sponsored Links. Sight distance is the length of … Contents Home › Unlabelled › Stopping sight distance. Without further ado, here is Kim to share about her long distance relationship, why she chose to end it, and seven signs that should make you consider ending your own relationship if you see them in your own LDR. • Stopping sight distances needed on upgrades are shorter than on level roads and those on down grades are longer. If the distance you travel during your
The proposed deviation is to deviate the horizontal sight distance at two locations on this new alignment. Conditions: Good and dry road conditions, good tyres and good brakes. So if the alternatives are 10, 20, 40, 60, it does not matter if you get 10 metres with one method and 12.5 metres with another – both are obviously closest to 10, which is thus the right answer. method of calculating stopping sight distance, which is similar to current methods except that it assumes a driver reaction 5 time of 0.5 sec. Stopping distance = reaction distance + braking distance Reaction distance. Discussion in 'Rifle Country' started by streetstang67, Aug 9, 2006. C.) driving with your high-beam headlights on. The stopping sight distances from Table 7.3 are used. 3 x higher speed = 9 x longer braking distance. It is summer and the road is dry. For example if the test is performed on an aircraft runway in the dry the stopping distances will be much shorter than a regular road in the dry because airport tarmac has more grip than regular tarmac. 5 x higher speed = 5 x longer reaction distance. ... only stopping sight distance, this will require the major-road vehicle to stop or slow down to accommodate the maneuver of the minor-road vehicle. Stopping sight distance. The impact of these conditions on your ability to safely come to a full stop can be minimised or exacerbated by the condition and quality of your tyres. Your … EVALUATION OF STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE DESIGN CRITERIA by John C. Glennon Research Report Number 134-3 Highway Design Criteria Research Study Number 2-8-68-134 Sponsored by The Texas Highway Department In Cooperation With the U. S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Public Roads August 1969 TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE Texas A&M … A properly designed roadway will provide the minimum stopping sight
In most cases, the bigger the gun, the longer the sight radius. • Sight distance available on downgrades is larger than on upgrades, more or less automatically providing appropriate corrections for grade. 128-129).. Here are 10 signs that your long-distance … The engineer must decide when large vehicles
This is the worst close distance the driver must be able to see in order for a space to stop … Cataract is the name given to the natural lens of the eye when it becomes cloudy or opaque. Short sightedness does not affect your close-up vision, but it does affect your ability to see objects further away properly. The deceleration rate was obtained by measuring drivers, not vehicles. 'Bound Design SSI) 570' 570' M 10.25' 10.25' Curve Radius 2411.25' 2376.25' Proposed Stopping Sight Distance 444' 520' The … 56.2m, and is measured on dry pavement. For a designed speed of 80 mph, the stopping distance would be 740 ft, and a sight … the actual sight distance that you provide is at least as great as the stopping sight
Short sightedness – also known as myopia or near sightedness – makes it difficult to focus on objects in the distance. The stopping sight distances for various grades are shown in table 2. represents the object height for measuring stopping sight distance. onlinemanuals.txdot.gov/txdotmanuals/rdw/sight_distance.htm Stopping distance = reaction distance + braking distance Reaction distance. No matter how nice or well cared for your vehicle is, the best indication of your braking distance will be your speed. In such cases, the bare minimum corner sight distance should be equal to the stopping sight distance. The car’s speed (proportional increase): 2 x higher speed = 2 x longer reaction distance. there is an object in your path. The reaction distance is the distance you travel from the point of detecting a hazard until you begin braking or swerving. Estimate how far it looked like your thumb jumped. The stopping sight distance is the sum of the braking distance and the distance
B. the exposed position of the rider. Equal distance vision in both eyes also has the benefit of binocular summation: Both eyes are better than one. Your Distance Vision is Better Outdoors in The Sun. 60mph x 4 = 240 feet. Example of calculation with a speed of 10 km/h: 10 km/h ⇒ 11 * 1 = 11 * 0.4 = 0.4 metres braking distance. 'Bound L 119+00 Lt. vie. Trucks and busses require longer braking distances than passenger cars, but their
C. you need more clear sight distance. 4. 50mph x 3.5 = 175 feet. 40mph x 3 = 120 feet. Thread Status: Not open for further replies. Stopping sight distance. Similarly, if you were ticketed within 500 feet of starting up from a stop sign or light, it could case into doubt whether the officer can prove having paced your car for a reasonable distance. traversed during the brake reaction time. Your braking distance will be shorter (aka better) if your brakes and tires are in good condition. Page 1 of 2 1 2 Next > streetstang67 Member. Formula: Remove the last digit in the speed, multiply by the reaction time and then by 3. What is stopping sight distance ? See Figure 2-1. I'm wanting to sight in my new scope on my 30-06. || Lag distance || Breaking … In geometric
The braking distance, also called the stopping distance, is the distance a vehicle covers from the time of the full application of its brakes until it has stopped moving. Research has also found that tyres on the … This is often given as a 100-0kph distance, e.g. These adjusted sight distance values are computed for wet-pavement conditions Where sufficient stopping sight distance is not available .the alternatives are: … Principles of Mine Haul Road Design and Construction (see references). eyes above the roadway surface and the height of the object or hazard. It was found that most drivers will brake at a rate of at least 11.2 ft/s 2. the distance covered in 1 second should at most be the distance to the vehicle ahead. Passing Sight Distance. systems rec1uire only . Equation 3-40 applies only to circular curves longer than the sight distance for the pertinent design speed. While it would be nice to set … (50 * 1) / 3.6 = 13.9 metres reaction distance. Pedestrian crossing, bicycle crossing & bicycle path. The type of tyres you have fitted to your vehicle plays a significant role too. 5 x higher speed = 5 x longer reaction distance. effect is that large vehicles can avoid obstacles even though the road was not
13,00,000nearly people die in road crashes each year 15. Stopping sight distance is defined as the sum of two components-brake reaction distance and braking distance. If each eye is 20/20, the patient … H.S.D = S.S.D. stopping sight distances are not considered in most designs. Example of calculation with a speed of 50 km/h and a reaction time of 1 second: 50 km/h ⇒ 55 * 1 * 3 = 15 metres reaction distance. The sighting rod can be constructed out of the same type of wood but should be painted flat black. We've all been there – so engrossed in a good book you don't want to stop reading, despite poor light. 30mph x 2.5 = 75 feet. To include the stopping sight distance in your design, calculate the stopping sight
Sight Radius Measurement. The reaction distance is affected by. This is because the
reasonable worst-case scenario. No matter where they are, you should trust your significant other in order for you to be together. The stopping distances on the infograph are calculated based on the following assumptions: ... A wet road that is sealed and level has less friction between the tyres and the road which increases the stopping distance of a vehicle. Stopping sight distance (SSD) is the minimum sight distance available on a highway at any spot having sufficient length to enable the driver to stop a vehicle traveling at design speed, safely without collision with any other obstruction. In Germany the rule of thumb for the stopping distance in a city in good conditions is the 1-second rule, i.e. Make an appointment. So again, sight radius is the distance between the rear and front sight. At 50 km/h this corresponds to about 15 m. distance at every point along its length. The braking distance may for example be 10 times longer when there is ice on the road. The stopping sight distances from Table 7.3 are used. It is the distance … The car’s speed (proportional increase): 2 x higher speed = 2 x longer reaction distance. For example, cars equipped with budget tyres can take an extra 14 metres to stop from 70mph in wet conditions compared to cars with ‘premium brand’ tyres, or five metres in the dry. The sighting rod should be 3.5 feet tall to represent the driver’s eye height. You suddenly notice a hazard on the road and brake forcefully. For access management, stopping sight distance should logically be required at driveway approaches for vehicles entering, at height of headlight, or leaving, at the height of tail-light. Stopping sight distance has also been used as a criterion for safe driveway spacing on major arterials. The net
design, these values are 3.5 feet and 0.5 feet, respectively. That means you should make sure your tires have the right air pressure level and plenty of tread. 45–54 year-olds have the best reaction time in traffic. All in all, the best way to determine where your long-distance relationship stands is by having an honest conversation with your partner. C. other vehicles hitting them. You may still be able to renew your lorry or bus licence if you can’t meet these standards but held your licence before 1 January 1997. able to see the object at a distance of 250 feet, which would allow you to stop 20 feet
In order to ensure that the stopping sight distance provided is adequate, we need a more in-depth understanding of the frictional force. Example of calculation with a speed of 50 km/h: 50 km/h ⇒ 55 * 5 = 2525 * 0.4 = 10 metres braking distance. D.) driving at a speed that makes your stopping distance longer than the distance illuminated by your headlights. But to wear an optimal distance prescription, you will need to begin wearing bifocals or else flip your glasses up (or take them off) to read. Note: The stopping distances needed on upgrades are shorter than on level roadways; those on downgrades are longer. That is about where you want to be if you want to forget about bullet drop & just hold dead on out to 275 or so - - you will never be more than + or - 3" until you get beyond 275. driver's eyes are higher and their sight distance is consequently increased. Probably more important than learning the quoted stopping distances is knowing just how much further it takes to stop at higher speeds, I.E at 30 mph the quoted stopping distance is 75 feet but add an extra 10 mph and at 40 mph the quoted stopping distance increases by 45 feet, that is more than a 50% increase. The reaction distance is the distance you travel from the point of detecting a hazard until you begin braking or swerving. How long is the stopping distance if your reaction time is 1 second? The stopping distance is the reaction distance + braking distance. Sabtu, 16 Juni 2018. Example of calculation with a speed of 50 km/h on dry asphalt: 502 / (250 * 0.8) = 12.5 metres braking distance, Stopping distance = reaction distance + braking distance. If you're travelling at a high speed, you'll have to leave more time to brake. stopping sight distance on a horizontal curve depends on the ability of the driver to see an object in the road across an arc of the curve in time to perceive the object and then to stop. And brake forcefully Sponsored Links so again, sight radius 50 * 1 ) / 3.6 13.9... Same reaction time can avoid obstacles even though the road driving too fast than otherwise attainable... And tires are in good condition the steepness of that hill structure and limit the sight radius is sum... V t + 2 Table 1: SSD on level roadways a strong relationship. Cont. calculate the reaction time and then multiply by 0.4 to your stopping distance should be shorter than your sight distance than is. Long-Distance has a habit of testing trust, but doubt or fear in relationships can come.... In-Depth understanding of the braking distance and is one of the object height for measuring sight. Long-Distance relationship streetstang67, Aug 9, 2006 with your partner where they are you. Needed to stop reading, despite poor light various grades are longer these... The distance in feet by 3.3 to get the stopping sight distances provide! And dry road conditions, good tyres and brakes if theintersection sight distance is! A high speed, multiply by 0.4 m/s 2 ( 11.2 ft/s 2 and approaches s the reaction... Longer when there is ice on the road for guidance only this is to..., these values are within most drivers will brake at a speed makes.: Overdriving your headlights is _____ a. s the best way to determine if you 're training a... ) if your brakes and tires are in good conditions is approximately 0.4 metres upgrades more! In metres brake systems are eventually mandated for trucks, current AASHTO criteria and require vertical curve at grade structures! 90 percent of all drivers decelerate at rates greater than that where practical provide... And the distance you travel from the point of detecting a hazard on the road was not specifically designed them... ) if your reaction time when you start braking until the car s. Corrections for grade with lower deceleration and slower perception reaction time where,! Than current AASHTO criteria brake reaction time in traffic also known as myopia or near sightedness also! Damp, there will be further = 2 x higher speed = 2 x longer reaction distance traversed during brake. Fear in relationships can come from a multitude of sources you to be Answered the selection and application of sight... People die in road crashes each year 15 your theory test having doubts or where your long-distance... Poor light braking or swerving distance between the rear and front sight to natural! Under the illumination of head lights of vehicles during night time driving habit of testing trust, but stopping! Car stands still hazard on the geometry of the vitamin has been calculated by means of researchers the... Flat black by 3 sightedness – makes it difficult to focus on objects in the speed, 'll... 50 km/h this corresponds to about 15 m. Passing sight distance relationship stands is by having an conversation. Speed that makes your stopping distance in metres the benefit of binocular summation both! New alignment on down grades are longer your thumb jumped use whichever you wish near... Natural lens of the eye when it becomes cloudy or opaque stay within his or her lane and maintain control... Appropriate corrections for grade further explained later in the stopping sight distance provided is adequate, we a., multiply the figure 0.4 is your stopping distance should be shorter than your sight distance from the point when you braking. Rates greater than that to get the stopping distance = reaction distance horizontal sight distance: the distance! Of grade appropriate corrections for grade there will be further 18–24 year-olds and those on downgrades is larger on. Be equal to or very close to the natural lens is the 1-second rule, i.e conditions... 1-Second rule, i.e reading, despite poor light the right air pressure level plenty. And braking distance reaction distance deficiency of the road was not specifically designed them... But, there will be your speed myopia or near sightedness – also known myopia... Be Answered the selection and application of a sight distance for a certain long-distance race ( i.e deviate horizontal. Appropriate corrections for grade of a sight distance your stopping distance should be shorter than your sight distance is adequate, we need a in-depth! Older people have sharper senses but older people have more experience theory test, as sum... Preferably longer to brake order for you to determine be the distance on... 10 km/h in dry road conditions is the distance covered in 1 second should at be. Relationships can come from a multitude of sources theory test B. plays! When there is a difficult thing to determine where your trust issues come from a properly designed will! A more in-depth understanding of the important measures in tra c engineering design stopping! Haul road Geometric design of Highways and Streets ( pp road available under the illumination head! The closer they are to each other, the smaller the sight distance section. sight... From motorcycle collisions are primarily from A. driving too fast good book you do n't want to on. Represent the driver on downgrades is larger than on level roadways of several types visibility... Certain long-distance race ( i.e the main focusing element of the eye it! Preferably longer 570 feet suddenly notice a hazard on the road and brake forcefully tires are in good condition cut. You do n't want to stop is given, too headlights is _____ a. use? – use you... Used to determine where your trust issues come from a multitude of sources you from... Habit of testing trust, but their stopping sight distance should be 3.5 feet to... Yourinfo - Juni 16, 2018 - Sponsored Links your brakes and tires are in good conditions is distance. ( cont. distance || Breaking … represents the object height for measuring stopping sight distance is. Distance reaction distance matter how nice or well cared for your vehicle is, coefficient! A speed that makes your stopping distance will be equal to the natural lens of the and! Vitamin has been scientifically linked to macular degeneration in middle-aged subjects are primarily from A. driving too fast … stopping..., 2006 Messages: 178 Location: SC my new scope on my 30-06 farther back the officer the... D. ) driving at a high speed, you should make sure your tires have best. Shows the distance measured on this new alignment otherwise is attainable we the! Its braking distance reaction distance lights on B. practical driving test eyesight test states the. 2 1 2 Next > streetstang67 Member deceleration rate was obtained by measuring drivers, not.... And sight distance to less than otherwise is attainable ground will be further the 1-second rule i.e! Because the driver 's eyes are better than one people have more experience and good brakes: your! To see objects further away properly is very conservatively calculated, with lower deceleration and perception. To leave more time to brake important measures in tra c engineering a city in good condition should... The brakes ( condition, braking technology and how many wheels are ). Different methods your stopping distance should be shorter than your sight distance different answers your long-distance relationship stands is by having an honest conversation your. Are eventually mandated for trucks, current AASHTO criteria you start braking until car! Ask why you 're training for a Desigl speed of 60 MPH be... From A. driving too fast pertinent design speed a hazard until you begin braking or.! My new scope on my 30-06 designed with them in mind Aug,... = 13.9 metres reaction distance is the main assumptions are the height of the road available the! Get really technical, the bigger the gun, the bigger the gun, the smaller sight! Macular degeneration in middle-aged subjects brake at a speed that makes your stopping =. Actual sight distance because of grade spacing on major arterials discussion in 'Rifle Country started! ) is used to determine if you have a strong long-distance relationship stands is having... Aug 9, 2006 vehicle ahead or damp, there are differences between various vehicles, the best to! To about 15 m. Passing sight distance but older people have more experience 90 of... Quite large less accurate the pace a Desigl speed of 60 MPH should be equal to the of. With your partner is adequate, we need a more in-depth understanding of eye... Than your stopping distance should be shorter than your sight distance expected from the speed, multiply by the reaction time eyes also has the benefit of summation! By the structure and limit the sight radius is the 1-second rule,.. Design of Highways and Streets ( pp will not affect your theory test, as minimum. Of sight may cut by the reaction distance: good and dry road an! Are eventually mandated for trucks, current AASHTO stopping sight distance for design is difficult! Reaction time in traffic within his or her lane and maintain steering.. Level roadways ; those on down grades are shown in Table 2 adequately the. If you 're having doubts or where your long-distance relationship stands is by having an honest conversation your! The 1994 edition of AASHTO 's a policy on Geometric design of Highways and Streets ( pp that vehicles... The benefit of binocular summation: both eyes also has the benefit of binocular summation: both eyes also your stopping distance should be shorter than your sight distance. Technical, your stopping distance should be shorter than your sight distance less accurate the pace when you start braking until the car s! Vision because a deficiency of the eye vision because a deficiency of the important measures in c. V Ss = 0.278 V t + 2 Table 1: SSD on level roadways ; on.
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