How the Beck Depression Inventory Is Used, Interpreting the Beck Depression Inventory, Limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory, Where to Take the Beck Depression Inventory, Screening for Depression: How Depression Tests Work, The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), The Use of Self-Report Data in Psychology, Depression Recovery: How to Know You're Making Progress. Benefits. The Beck Depression Inventory is scored on which scale of measurement? The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/es/, http://www.pearsonpsychcorp.es/archivos/13373230291.pdf. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. This depression inventory can be self-scored. Leigh & Tolbert (2001) examined the reliability of the BDI-II with deaf college students and found good internal consistency (alpha=.88), split-half reliability (.76), and one-week test-retest reliability (.77). Dr. Beck and his colleagues found that the BDI had good reliability and validity. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. This is very helpful for the following reasons: Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). BDI assesses key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation . [16] two-factor correlated model composed of a cognitive-affective and a somatic factors has been supported in many studies [17,18,19]; there are others studies which identified a single factor [11,20], two alternative factors consisting of somatic-affective and cognitive [21,22], three factors corresponding to cognitive, somatic and affective [23,24,25], and an alternative three-factor model including negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [2329]. Byrne, B.M., Stewart, S.M., & Lee, P.W.H. Today, BDI is considered one of the vital . The BDI-II is based on the amended Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-A). ERIC Educational Resources Information Center. For example, to measure pessimism (item 2) the response options used range from I am not particularly discouraged about the future (score of 0) to the future is hopeless and things cannot improve (score of 3). Description of Measure: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression (Beck, et al., 1961). So far, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) has become one of the most widely used measures to assess depressive symptoms and their severity in adolescents and adults [4]. To examine model fit,the chi-square value (2), the comparative fit index (CFI), the goodness-of-fit index (GFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). The BDI-II has been referenced in 586 publications in peer-reviewed journal articles. This paper, therefore, evaluates the instrument, looking at its design and format, its Psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. The revised BDI, known as the BDI-II, is the most widely used version of the questionnaire. Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. But despite this number putting depression as one of the leading causes of global ill-health . BDI-IA. doi:10.1002/acr.20556, Toenders YJ, Schmaal L, Harrison BJ, Dinga R, Berk M, Davey CG. . Depression is a common mood disorder that affects individualfunctioning individual functioning across different domains. 0 I do not feel sad. The BDI-II was piloted on 193 psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with various disorders by a psychologist or psychiatrist using the DSM-III or DSM-IV. Eidhin, M.N., Sheehy, N., OSullivan, M., & McLeavey, B. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 6(2), 67-74. Results have consistently shown good internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the BDI-II incommunity [9,10,11] adolescent and adult clinical outpatients [12] as well as in adult clinical inpatients [13]. Author. evaluated with the ESRD population in mind, including the pros and cons, applicable age groups, and the . Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire. Since Mardias kurtosis multivariate coefficient was 338.70 thus indicating a significant deviation from multivariate normality according to benchmarks [47]the Asymptotic Distribution-Free method was used for model estimation. 1. Fourth, it has been suggested that bifactor models are more robust to model misspecification (e.g., substantive cross-loadings) than multidimensional or hierarchical CFA models [64] which may result in bias in favor of bifactor models and, consequently, to explain why such measurement models outperform conventional CFA models. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSM-IV criteria for depression. To learn more about depression and how . The Beck Depression Inventory can be a helpful tool in assessing your level of distress but should not be used as a replacement for professional help. Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II) is a popular measure intended to assess the existence and severity of symptoms of depression in consistent with in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Arch Gen Psychiatry. Grothe, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, GN., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantley, P.J. Due to the face validity of the BDI-II, underreporting and overreporting may be likely. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Cons: 1. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory II with college students of diverse ethnicity. There were 120 college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course, who comprised the "normal group." In contrast, findings concerning BDI-II factor structure have been somewhat inconsistent. The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. The Five to ten minutes is necessary for completing the test. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. Aaron T. Beck. Read our. According to this index, those models that present values lower than AIC provide a better fit. (2004). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, Editor: Chung-Ying Lin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG, Received: June 22, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018. What Is the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale? This site was built using the UW Theme | Privacy Notice | 2023 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Beck Depression Inventory. Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes; self-administered or verbally by a trained administrator. Simith, S.D., Schwartz, R.C., George, R.G., & Panke, D. (2004). Through principal factor analysis, they identified a single second-order dimension of self-reported depression and three first-order factors. Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. PMID: 32962793; PMCID: PMC7681155. Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan. An inventory for measuring depression. (1961). The psychometric properties of the BDI-SF have been examined in French (Cathebras, Mosnier, Levy, Bouchou, & Rousset, 1994) and Brazilian (Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, & Bueno, 2005) samples. Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). http://www.who.int/mental_health/dominican_republic_who_aims_spanish.pdf. "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. In particular, it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects. It has been translated into languages other than English, and its psychometric properties have been established in numerous cultural groups including the deaf population. Notwithstanding the implications aforementioned, the current study has a number of limitations that should be mentioned. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Journal of Affective Disorders, 86(1), 87-91. Affiliation The reference for the manual is: Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). In addition, the internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's statistic, and validity evidence was provided by comparing the BDI-II scores of the general population and the hospital population; to do so, successive Student's t tests were carried out for independent samples applying a HolmBonferroni adjustment to control for Type 1 error. STUDIES WITH OTHER CULTURAL GROUPS AND DIVERSE POPULATIONS. First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. Less frequently, four [30] and fivefactors [31] have also been reported. Assessment, 9, 164-170. Published 2020 Apr 20. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0787-9. Crossref. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . (2004). There is a short version of the BDI, the BDI-SF, which includes only the cognitive-affective subscale and has been recommended to assess depression in medical populations, with scores higher than 10 associated with moderate to severe depression. Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Furthermore, since research indicates that depression symptoms response differentially to treatment [57] the use of BDI-II global score alone as a measure to detect changes in response to treatment may obscure the impact of interventions. The authors revised the BDI to be more consistent with the criteria for depression found in the DSM-IV. Convergent validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale in psychiatric inpatients. Carmody (2005) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with a diverse group of college students. Factor structure, concurrent validity, and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition in a sample of college students. A total score of 0 to 7 points indicates minimal anxiety, 8 to 15 points mild, 16 to 25 points moderate, and 26 to 63 points severe anxiety symptoms. Behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Is there a specific relationship with social phobia? 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