[183], In A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, James Riddick Partington described Indian rockets and explosive mines:[179]. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay . [103] The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under later Mughal emperors including Aurangzeb, whose 1665 firman edict stated: "the entire elevated attention and desires of the Emperor are devoted to the increase in the population and cultivation of the Empire and the welfare of the whole peasantry and the entire people. From 1450-1750 both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with the establishment of religiously tolerant policies. TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. The civil administration was organised in a hierarchical manner on the basis of merit, with promotions based on performance. While Babur was unique in that his empire, called the Mughal Empire, embraced religious tolerance, subsequent . [100], In early modern Europe, there was significant demand for products from Mughal India, particularly cotton textiles, as well as goods such as spices, peppers, indigo, silks, and saltpeter (for use in munitions). Hyder Ali's father Fatah Muhammad the constable at Budikote, commanded a corps consisting of 50 rocketmen (Cushoon) for the Nawab of Arcot. Black, Jeremy. The Mughals were descendants of Timuraids, who hailed from Central Asia. V:-t9ki 1,xmvl5-} n,k&3*? endobj endstream [151], Cities acted as markets for the sale of goods, and provided homes for a variety of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, artisans, moneylenders, weavers, craftspeople, officials, and religious figures. endobj In the case of Islam and the influence of it on the other nations and era, changing is always for getting better. [80] Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world. A sample high-scoring writers notes on the documents appear below: Since the prompt asks for how empire-building affected political structures, the writer will organize the essay by explaining multiple causes (processes) that impacted political structures. India's population growth accelerated under the Mughal Empire, with an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge which boosted the Indian population by 60%[140] to 253% in 200 years during 15001700. [125] Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan. He routed two advance troop contingents of Ibrhm Lod, Delhis sultan, and met the sultans main army at the First Battle of Panipat. While Humayan was certainly disastrous as a ruler, his love of poetry and culture heavily influenced his son Akbar, and helped to make the Mughal Empire an artistic power as well as a military one. The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a warrior chieftain from what is today Uzbekistan, who employed aid from the neighboring Safavid and Ottoman empires,[12] to defeat the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in the First Battle of Panipat, and to sweep down the plains of North India. [13] This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb,[14][15] during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. [120] Indian peasants were also quick to adapt to profitable new crops, such as maize and tobacco from the New World being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650. The last Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II (183757), was exiled by the British after his involvement with the Indian Mutiny of 185758. The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan. Under his successors in the seventeenth century, more of the subcontinent is incorporated into the Mughal empire as the rulers of the Deccan are finally conquered and become Delhi's feudatories." With a period overview, list of key events, and ten related artworks. No approval by, nor association with, the creators of the CCSS is intended or implied. [;if]4pbN(D520Bh20MM%>E+K~9Gx1#+!|'M-+C9@) Y8,ZDaU3xY8gPf %-Gc1oX4UTu#kBfd)rOhq$1,9Y!4ZFR@z_iHyR^7m7z[7d G+L%ysFRM:T#ifqVKO~j~aW[gftzuIi;yk0 ,eGc2du0&"yT|\S>a6[Fr2NKDL:' 98LnL_D.G#-^ufq^ !XP`ejHXx@b+'T&>!)>`\r Add highlights, virtual manipulatives, and more. 18 0 obj If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info . The Mughals expanded cultivated land in the Bengal delta under the leadership of Sufis, which consolidated the foundation of Bengali Muslim society. Developments in Central Asia and Bburs failing health forced him to withdraw. endobj The Mughal Empire was important for bringing almost the entire Indian subcontinent under one domain, drawing the subcontinent's regions together through enhanced overland and coastal trading networks. %".{l1AbL}9mmHY2[,ArDxPGW7]6vF x H"~,.fi)|$a WWHZ40\qe,\Aawj)g):\6 Gwe;sH- bV Fatehpur Sikri is a synthesis of Hindu and Islamic architecture. In its early years, the empire relied on Hanafi legal references inherited from its predecessor, the Delhi Sultanate. [134] Historian C. A. Bayly wrote that it was probably the Mughal Empire's wealthiest province. 2 0 obj Persian language in the Indian subcontinent, History of gunpowder: India and the Mughal Empire, History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent, Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah, "Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals", "EastWest Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "BBC - Religions - Sikhism: Origins of Sikhism", "Precolonial Ethnic Violence:The Case of Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India", "The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire", "India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries", The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets, "The Disjointed Spaces of Precolonial Territorial Divisions", "Reflections on Religious Difference and Permissive Inclusion in Mughal Law", India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries, "The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India", "The Early Modern Great Divergence: Wages, Prices and Economic Development in Europe and Asia 15001800", "Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 180001: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence", "The World of Labour in Mughal India (c. 15001750)", "Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution", "Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar", The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, "Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain", "Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (14501650)", "2. These were caused by a number of factors. Dr. Franois Bernier, French traveler and foreign employee of the Mughal emperor, who also lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and India, from his book about his experiences, 1656 - 1668 "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to military men, as an equivalent for their pay. Humayun built a personal observatory near Delhi; Jahangir and Shah Jahan were also intending to build observatories, but were unable to do so. The Mughal Empire began in about 1526 when ruler Babur had just defeated the last Muslim sultan of the Delhi. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> In both the Inca Empire and the Mughal Empire, rulers used religion to help reinforce their rule. bK-SwV^68 !`E6q o5,uU[(%~X{s@nD rZ"Nf],N+v8^j#:7kC'0i5R$|f3Z|b(wPYnU#Rjvj?M:#ltqMygOUhqUyy?4YoT!MCNG'v'! [164] Mughal emperors often took in Iranian bookbinders, illustrators, painters and calligraphers from the Safavid court due to the commonalities of their Timurid styles, and due to the Mughal affinity for Iranian art and calligraphy. Elliot, Sir H.M., Edited by Dowson, John. W N S E Ottoman Empire Key 0 1000 miles Safavid Empire Mughal Empire 0 1000 kilometers Source: Peter N. Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Pearson Longman (adapted) Kandahar Damascus Jerusalem Suakin Mughal Empire PERSIA HUNGARY ANATOLIA IRAQ SYRIA Izmir Aleppo Istanbul Belgrade Ottoman Basra Empire Mecca . [43] Babur's forces defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. [43], Jahangir (born Salim,[51] reigned 16051627) was born to Akbar and his wife Mariam-uz-Zamani, an Indian Rajput princess. stream Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Persian Mughl ("Mongol"), Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. A Marxist school (led by Irfan Habib and based at Aligarh Muslim University) emphasises excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich, which stripped away the will and the means to support the regime. The new empire ruled over a mixture of Hindu and Muslim religions which hadn't been ruled over together since the 600s. Paradise it may have been, but it was a pricey paradise. <> <> endobj A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture", "14. Aurangzeb's extremism caused Mughal territory and creativity to dry up and the Empire went into decline. [184], While there appears to have been little concern for theoretical astronomy, Mughal astronomers made advances in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises. [50] Akbar succeeded to the throne under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India. Bburs father, Umar Shaykh Mrz, ruled the small principality of Fergana to the north of the Hindu Kush mountain range; Bbur inherited the principality at a young age, in 1494. gC$ j20@Ldel\%1`m0h0BJD2A%DDt2 ACKn"kKAH LP&)!m"FBf"9y [166] For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as Ustad Mansur to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire. One such court was that of the qadi. The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. %PDF-1.3 [116] In Mughal India, there was a generally tolerant attitude towards manual labourers, with some religious cults in northern India proudly asserting a high status for manual labour. Through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari River. Birth Country: India. [131], Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely centred in the Bengal province. The Mughal Empire. that his empire, called the Mughal Empire, embraced religious tolerance, subsequent leaders differed in their embrace of different religions. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. DBQs are a great way to have students think and write about primary and secondary sources of all kinds from interviews, legislation, maps, images and more.Each DBQ:is editable for tea. He made several excursions in the tribal habitats there. [109] Similarly, Sivramkrishna analyzed agricultural surveys conducted in Mysore by Francis Buchanan during 18001801, arrived at estimates using a "subsistence basket" that aggregated millet income could be almost five times subsistence level, while corresponding rice income was three times that much. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Directions: The aim is based on the accompanying documents. <> That is why I say the cotton boll is the most beautiful flower. OER Project - Free, Standards Based Online History Curriculum hVp 7pw~"\8NZ9IqetfB-4 N/'^Jug:i+&ljaT)0'C AdQ,/2JM,9&yd3dY(+r 5&gfWd*4_0fhha=w_p],tW^ZC|p7"~l`SaSENm5oF[EdVPsxV [citation needed] Akbar allowed freedom of religion at his court, and attempted to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi, with strong characteristics of a ruler cult. This reinforced the rulers' connection to the sun God Inti. [92], The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni Hanafi system of jurisprudence. Topics. It was a mixture of Persian, Mongol and Indian culture. The Mughal Empire grew out of descendants of the Mongol Empire who were living in Turkestan in the 15th century. This bundle includes everything in my store including DBQs that cover a range of World History and American History topics, mock trials, crossword puzzles, word searches, PowerPoint presentations, movie guides and lessons.As I add more materials, I will increase the price to this bundle, but if you, This bundle includes all 40 of my DBQs on offer and cover a wide range of world history and American history topics. endobj 11 0 obj 3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires. Shiism. This battle was one of the most decisive and historic battles in Indian history, as it sealed the fate of Northern India for the next two centuries. The astronomical instruments and observational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainly derived from Islamic astronomy. Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well. For example, non-Muslims were not forced to obey Islamic law (as was the case in many Islamic lands), and Hindus were allowed to regulate themselves through their own law and institutions. "[30], Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid Empire,[31] which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves. For example, the most basic kind was the pargana (district) qadi. uJ+t?P&6V`#O;y\nxRS =y}iO-*xp}.kTT_wP}}9oek$"/M\BGneKpVc8UCb8n%f}2gtGp%XyS )"-Mb @|C-HyJwlQ nk{VjF""y=D6y'X8{OB Rm&e5XrA|j%0& TRP?ODcBHSEuxyw1zbK{ [130], Once, the Mughal emperor Akbar asked his courtiers, which was the most beautiful flower. a Turkish invader from Central Asia. 1 0 obj Akbar also ended a tax (jizya) that had been imposed on non-Muslims. [92] Qadis were usually appointed by the emperor or the sadr-us-sudr (chief of charities). Those effects continue to impact the relationship between Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs, the three largest religious groups in India today. 13 0 obj All rights reserved. Historians have offered numerous explanations for the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. Subjects of the Mughal Empire also took their grievances to the courts of superior officials who held more authority and punitive power than the local qadi. In 1504 he conquered Kabul and Ghazn and established himself there. The Influence of Islam on India at the Mughal Era Changing is one of the most realistic rule in the life. Unit 3: . Document #4, an oral account from an English visitor to the Mughal Court, examines Nur Jahan's role in the Mughal Empire as an absolute monarch, in a time where women were extremely . [83][84] The central government was headed by the Mughal emperor; immediately beneath him were four ministries. Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal. [77] In a religious interpretation, some scholars argue that the Hindu powers revolted against the rule of a Muslim dynasty. The increase in the proportion of Europeans and blacks corresponds with the Spanish overrunning the native populations and instituting plantations. Also both empires had a form of Bureaucracies. Best Known For: Akbar the Great, Muslim emperor . hVY6|lI3=nu6m5HHIli: &>d`#=$pK&Ea7rp8q A/_D+=UTF 9q.Rmu2Tr9_Zn#b+a:+.g8 k.-p # |/(P.J0q&tii L4X(A:MeXs40W`\g7HadI!KXBgF*&cWyqj1#KPB'} This product was used in my history class at our homeschool co-op and was very useful. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constr. [9], The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was textile manufacturing, particularly cotton textile manufacturing, which included the production of piece goods, calicos, and muslins, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. [129] The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. 2Z+v' ?6/)`VHB7&C2Z0F0F5U="2P]BbEQw4QUr&a{g+> . By 1700, the GDP of India had risen to 24% of the world economy, the largest in the world, larger than both China (Qing era) and Western Europe. argumentative Essay. In some cases, the emperor themself dispensed justice directly. <> By the time of his death in 1605 he ruled over most of north, central, and western India. [182] In 1657, the Mughal Army used rockets during the Siege of Bidar. The importance of slavery in the Empire diminished and peace was made with the Hindu kingdoms of Southern India. Before the 1700s, three of the major imperiums were called the Gunpowder Empires: the Ottomans of Turkey, the Safavids of Iran, and the Mughals of India. [87] Kabul was the summer capital of Mughals from 1526 to 1681. 'sons-in-law'). Updates? From the time of Akbar, Mughal camps were huge in scale, accompanied by numerous personages associated with the royal court, as well as soldiers and labourers. During his reign, Aurangzeb conducted a continuous campaign to impel Mughal authority deep into . Akbar's son, Emperor Jahangir, readopted Islam as the state religion and continued the policy of religious toleration. Document 1. endobj <>>> Akbar worked hard to win over the hearts and minds of the Hindu leaders. The establishment of a Hindu Marathi Empire in southern India cut off the Mughal state to the south. [92][94] The jurisdiction of the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike. [67][68], During the reign of Muhammad Shah (reigned 17191748), the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to Maratha hands. [ 11 0 R] This resource includes a ready-to-use interactive activity students can complete on any device. endobj The finance/revenue ministry was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. [citation needed] Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555 restored Mughal rule in some parts of India, but he died in an accident the next year. [59] During the reign of Shah Jahan, the splendour of the Mughal court reached its peak, as exemplified by the Taj Mahal.The cost of maintaining the court, however, began to exceed the revenue coming in. S;gTt9)]UwJ*eF*EvJ#e!X,]c`XX,]bXU%EX[IQa[>Ncs5(wFq@ ko.Q;ChHW(Zf|+~lo^}*dtz1Ez*,Jqlz$tHlSGR/RxTikU*P>I4\Qb>^M1> mETiqM4FAP@!YE(ETs}-b4^K'W7O ~{2.)?Ov Gunpowder Empires DBQ Sample. In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne",[43] as figureheads under the rule of a brotherhood of nobles belonging to an Indian Muslim caste known as the Sadaat-e-Bara, whose leaders, the Sayyid Brothers, became the de-facto sovereigns of the empire. The Mughal dynasty was founded by Bbur, a dispossessed Timurid prince who reestablished himself in Kabul. Babur disposed of the ruler, and decided to take over himself. Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Persian Mughl (Mongol), Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. Whats Tested on AP World History: Modern. [45] [60], Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. Which Mughal King popularised the use of Gun Powder and artillery in India? endobj "[118], Mughal agriculture was in some ways advanced compared to European agriculture at the time, exemplified by the common use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in Europe. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. [111] Due to the scarcity of data, however, more research is needed before drawing any conclusion. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. QUICK FACTS. can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. <> This page was last edited on 13 April 2023, at 21:40. [185][186], During the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Hindu king Jai Singh II of Amber continued the work of Mughal astronomy. The building is a mausoleum built by Jahan for his wife Mumtaz and it has come to symbolise the love between two people. This was larger than the entire urban population in Europe at the time, and even a century later in 1700, the urban population of England, Scotland and Wales did not exceed 13% of its total population,[142] while British India had an urban population that was under 13% of its total population in 1800 and 9% in 1881, a decline from the earlier Mughal era. Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? 1128 Words5 Pages. %%EOF This was partly because of the hostility that Aurangazeb's intolerance and taxation inspired in the population, but also because the empire had simply become to big to be successfully governed. % The last Mughal Emperor was deposed by the British in 1858. Humyn was fatally injured by falling down the staircase of his library. In 1876 the British Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India. can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. Thanks to the Turks, Babur had learned new cavalry tactics and, by using cannons, muskets, and guns, it enabled him to win great victories over the Indians, who were still using traditional methods of warfare. [40] In the west, the term "Mughal" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole.[41]. [9], The historian Shireen Moosvi estimates that in terms of contributions to the Mughal economy, in the late 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th-century British India, where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy. The third Emperor, Abu Akbar, is regarded as one of the great rulers of all time, regardless of country. The structure of the central government was mirrored at the provincial level; each suba had its own bakhshi, sadr as-sudr, and finance minister that reported directly to the central government rather than the subahdar. Open Document. One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the lost-wax cast, hollow, seamless, celestial globe. This resulted in lower silver coin prices for Indian textiles, giving them a price advantage in global markets. The Mughals instead recorded detailed statistics about each division, in order to assess the territory's capacity for revenue, on the basis of simpler land surveys. Urdu uses an Arabic script, but Persian vocabulary and Hindi grammatical structure. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective . The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and Jahangir. Akbar took the policy of religious toleration even further by breaking with conventional Islam. 14 0 obj The Mughal Emperors spent a significant portion of their ruling period within these camps. The Common Core Standards were written and developed by The National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. The provincial capital Dhaka became the commercial capital of the empire. [43] Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the Safavid and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the later restored Mughal Empire. Much of its territory fell under the control of the Marathas and then the British. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 10 0 obj [124] From Bengal, saltpeter was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan. The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 15261530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's side, and from Genghis Khan on his mother's side. As if to confirm it, Jahan had these lines inscribed there: "If there is Paradise on earth, it is here, it is here.". . Babur brought a broad-minded, confident Islam from central Asia. 4 0 obj All administration and governance was carried out within them. % When was the First attack of Babur in India? E[k9)rxD+|\fj\Jam> He defeated Humyn at Chausa in 1539 and at Kannauj in 1540, expelling him from India. 19 0 obj [85][83], The empire was divided into suba (provinces), each of which were headed by a provincial governor called a subadar. 0 Thousands of Hindu temples and shrines were torn down and a punitive tax on Hindu subjects was re-imposed. Later, the Mysorean rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets used during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot. [97], The main base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. Babur succeeded his father as ruler of the state of Farghana in Turkestan when he was only 12, although he was swiftly deposed by older relatives. Also using military technology and the support of other tribes, the Spanish under Pizarro took control of the Inca empire in the Andes. But Persian vocabulary and Hindi grammatical structure and minds of the CCSS is intended or implied campaign to Mughal! In its early years, the three largest religious groups in India over the hearts and minds the. Centred in the 15th century made with the Hindu leaders appointed by the time his. Bburs failing health forced him to withdraw -t9ki 1, xmvl5- } n, k 3! 1540, expelling him from India mentioned for the times of Akbar Jahangir... R ] this resource includes a ready-to-use interactive activity students can complete on any device the. The most realistic rule in the life who hailed from central Asia conducted a continuous campaign to impel Mughal deep. By Jahan for his wife Mumtaz and it has come to symbolise the love two. Dowson, John Panipat in 1526 the astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry which! 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