With France taking over almost all of Northern Italy after defeating Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, and Ferdinand of Aragon emerging as ruler of the whole south, Julius II planned to “free Italy from the barbarians” and orchestrated the recapture of the peninsula. Following a year of fighting over the Romagna, during which the Veneto-Papal alliance was repeatedly defeated, the Pope proclaimed a Holy League against the French in October 1511. The French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Marciano on August 2, 1554. [15], Once Louis XII was installed in Milan, he came under real pressure from the Florentines to assist them in re-conquering Pisa. While the French army escaped, the Spanish inflicted severe casualties. When Ferdinand I of Naples died in 1494, Charles VIII invaded the peninsula with a French Army[3] of twenty-five thousand men (including 8,000 Swiss mercenaries), possibly hoping to use Naples as a base for a crusade against the Ottoman Turks. illus. The Italian War of 1499-1504 was the second of the Italian Wars, fought primarily by Kings Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon.The war was started by King Louis, who sought to press his claims to the thrones of Milan and Naples, but the result of the war was the Spanish conquest of the Kingdom of Naples from France.. War. Visions of war in the 'terrestrial paradise'. To the Italian coalition, however, it was at best a pyrrhic victory, in that its strategic outcome and long-term consequences were unfavorable. Within a day French guns had knocked down 100 feet of the city walls of Pisa. He was succeeded as emperor by his brother, Ferdinand I. The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Wars of Italy and sometimes as the Habsburg–Valois Wars, were a long series of wars fought between 1494 and 1559 in Italy during the Renaissance.The Italian peninsula, economically advanced but politically divided among several states, became the main battleground for European supremacy. tbls. The uprising in Milan in the summer of 1526 was coordinated with the defenders of the "Castello" in Milan. In France, Henry II was fatally wounded on 10 July 1559, in a joust held during the celebrations of the peace. ANNO: 1100 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900. At about this time, Francis told his council that he had allowed Emperor Charles V to become too strong in Italy. Moreover, the new king of Naples, Ferdinand II of Aragon, resented the fact that Venice held a number of towns in southern Italy along the Adriatic coast. In March 1510, Pope Julius brokered a deal with the Swiss Cantons that brought 6,000 more Swiss troops into the war against the French. [87] The invention of the watermill allowed furnaces to generate enough heat to melt the iron to be smelted into cannonballs. Her marriage contract guaranteed that in failure of male heirs, she would inherit the Visconti dominions. The French Army was forced to break off the siege on July 11, 1500, and retreat to the north.[23]. Therefore, Pope Paul III favored the "Peace of Nice" between Francis and Charles (1538) as well as the subsequent "Peace of Crespy" (1544). Niccolo Machiavelli was a diplomat, politician and writer in Renaissance Italy whose most infamous quotes come from his books The Prince and The Art of War. Milan was again under French rule for another six years before Francesco Sforza kicked the French out in November 1521. [75] According to that view, the partition of the Habsburg empire at the abdication of Charles V left the position of the Holy Roman Empire in Italy weakened in favor of Spain so that the peace was mostly a victory of the latter. Christine Shaw in her revised Italian Wars (1494-1559), Micheal J. Levin in Agents of Empire, and William Reger in Limits of Empire, reject the concept of a Spanish hegemony on the ground that too many limits prevented Spain's dominance in the peninsula, and maintain that other powers also held major influence in Italy after 1559. However, the Habsburgs had gained a position of primacy in Europe and Italy at the expense of the French Valois. Charles VIII of France improved relations with other European rulers in the run-up to the First Italian War by negotiating a series of treaties: in 1493, France negotiated the Treaty of Senlis with the Holy Roman Empire; on 19 January 1493, it signed the Treaty of Barcelona with the Crown of Aragon and, later in 1493, the Treaty of Étaples with England.[1][2]. The circumstances were set for Pope Julius to form the League of Cambrai on December 10, 1508, in which France,[30] the Papacy, Spain, the Duchy of Ferrara and the Holy Roman Empire agreed to restrain the Venetians. On January 1, 1515, Louis XII also died[40] and was succeeded to the throne of France by his son-in-law, Francis I. Francis I continued Louis XII's war against the League of Cambrai in Italy by leading a French and Venetian Army against the Swiss and routing them at Marignano on September 13–14, 1515. Fought largely by France and Spain but involving much of Europe, they resulted in the Spanish Habsburgs dominating Italy and shifted power from Italy to northwestern Europe. The sudden death of Julius II and the Battle of Marignano led to the restoration of the status quo ante bellum in 1516: the treaties of Brussels and Noyon, mediated by Emperor Maximilian I and Pope Leo X, recognized French control in the north (excluding the Venetian republic) and Spanish control in the south. This decision was heavily criticized by influential figures such as Niccolo Machiavelli , whose opinion was embraced by many of Italy's citizens as well. The end of the wars allowed Pope Pius IV and Carlo Borromeo to resume the Council of Trent and complete it in 1563, initiating the Catholic Reformation and Baroque period of Italy. Indeed, this is just what happened. However, in 21st-century historiography there is a reconsideration of the topic. As part of his continuing attempt to pacify or neutralize his neighbors to prevent them from obstructing his ambitions in Italy, Louis opened discussions with the rulers of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella. sinks British frigate. Christine Shaw, ed. Italien war 2008 nach Deutschland und Frankreich der drittgrößte Beitragszahler der Europäischen Union, mit über 15 Milliarden Euro, was einen Anteil am Gesamtbudget der EU von 13,6 Prozent ausmachte. So when Charles directly annexed the Duchy of Milan, King Francis I of France invaded Italy. Ludovico Sforza of Milan, seeking an ally against the Republic of Venice, encouraged Charles VIII of France to invade Italy, using the Angevin claim to the throne of Naples as a pretext. Italy and the European Powers: The Impact of War, 1500-1530.