recounts the dramatic events of 63 B.C., when a disgruntled and impoverished nobleman, Sets found in the same folder. Their armor, and weapons of war, they borrowed from the Samnites; their ensigns of authority, for the most part, from the Etrurians; and, in short, whatever appeared eligible to them, whether among allies or among enemies, they adopted at home with the greatest readiness, being more inclined to emulate merit than to be jealous of it. Citizens contended with citizens in nothing but honor. But Curius, when he heard of the imminent danger that threatened the consul, immediately gave him notice, by the agency of Fulvia, of the treachery which was contemplated. Is it not better to die in a glorious attempt, than, after having been the sport of other mens insolence, to resign a wretched and degraded existence with ignominy? In such contests there was neither moderation nor limit; each party made a merciless use of its successes. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. But we are beset by dangers on all sides; Catiline, with his army, is ready to devour us; while there are other enemies within the walls, and in the heart of the city; nor can any measures be taken, or any plans arranged, without their knowledge. Caesar, in fine, had applied himself to a life of energy and activity; intent upon the interests of his friends, he was neglectful of his own; he refused nothing to others that was worthy of acceptance, while for himself he desired great power, the command of an army, and a new war in which his talents might be displayed. From the influence of riches, accordingly, luxury, avarice, and pride prevailed among the youth; they grew at once rapacious and prodigal; they undervalued what was their own, and coveted what was anothers; they set at naught modesty and continence; they lost all distinction between sacred and profane, and threw off all consideration and self-restraint. Our years are fresh, our spirit is unbroken; among our oppressors, on the contrary, through age and wealth, a general debility has been produced. I now commend and entrust Orestilla to your protection; entreating you, by your love for your own children, to defend her from injury. 21 When these men, surrounded with numberless evils but without any resources or hopes of good, had heard this address, though they thought it much for their advantage to disturb the public tranquillity, yet most of them called on Catiline to state on what terms they were to engage in the contest; what benefits they were to expect from taking up arms; and what support or encouragement they had, and in what quarters. Conspiracy of Catiline - English with commentary (Perseus) But this Piso, on his march towards his province, was murdered by some Spanish cavalry whom he had in his army. 38 For after the powers of the tribunes, in the consulate of Cneius Pompey and Marcus Crassus, had been fully restored, certain young men, of an ardent age and temper, having obtained that high office, began to stir up the populace by inveighing against the senate, and proceeded, in course of time, by means of largesses and promises, to inflame them more and more; by which methods they became popular and powerful. If such had been the case, we should enjoy it in a most excellent condition; for of allies and citizens, as well as arms and horses, we have a much greater abundance than they had. Sallusts political career ended soon after his return to Rome. But afterwards, when the monarchical power, which had been originally established for the protection of liberty, and for the promotion of the public interest, had degenerated into tyranny and oppression, they changed their plan, and appointed two magistrates, with power only annual; for they conceived that, by this method, the human mind would be least likely to grow overbearing through want of control. Texts. [86] The probability that all these scrolls came from one or more ancient manuscripts is debated.[87]. They also decreed that the consuls should hold a levy; that Antonius, with an army, should hasten in pursuit of Catiline; and that Cicero should protect the city. Being a military man, and having served with great reputation, for more than thirty years, as tribune, praefect, lieutenant, or praetor, he knew most of the soldiers and their honorable actions, and, by calling these to their remembrance, roused the spirits of the men. My feelings, Conscript Fathers, are extremely different, when I contemplate our circumstances and dangers, and when I revolve in my mind the sentiments of some who have spoken before me. His monographs excel in suggesting larger themes in the treatment of particular episodes. 25 In the number of these ladies was Sempronia, a woman who had committed many crimes with the spirit of a man. 26 Catiline, having made these arrangements, still canvassed for the consulship for the following year; hoping that, if he should be elected, he would easily manage Antonius according to his pleasure. The case is, assuredly, dangerous, but you do not fear it; yes, you fear it greatly, but you hesitate how to act, through weakness and want of spirit, waiting one for another, and trusting to the immortal gods, who have so often preserved your country in the greatest dangers. Volturcius, at first, encouraging his companions, defended himself against numbers with his sword; but afterwards, being unsupported by the Allobroges, he began earnestly to beg Pomtinus, to whom he was known, to save his life, and at last, terrified and despairing of safety, he surrendered himself to the praetors as unconditionally as to foreign enemies. The conspirators WebSallust's Bellum Catilinae Resource Information The item Sallust's Bellum Catilinaerepresents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or But there were other things which made them great, but which among us have no existence; such as industry at home, equitable government abroad, and minds impartial in council, uninfluenced by any immoral or improper feeling. 55 When the senate, as I have stated, had gone over to the opinion of Cato, the consul, thinking it best not to wait till night, which was coming on, lest any new attempts should be made during the interval, ordered the triumvirs to make such preparations as the execution of the conspirators required. If your courage and fidelity had not been sufficiently proved by me, this favorable opportunity would have occurred to no purpose; mighty hopes, absolute power, would in vain be within our grasp; nor should I, depending on irresolution or ficklemindedness, pursue contingencies instead of certainties. Fairfax, Virginia 22030 34 To this address Quintus Marcius replied, that, if they wished to make any petition to the senate, they must lay down their arms, and proceed as suppliants to Rome; adding, that such had always been the kindness and humanity of the Roman senate and people, that none had ever asked help of them in vain. 28 While, therefore, the rest were in alarm and hesitation, Caius Cornelius, a Roman knight, who offered his services, and Lucius Vargunteius, a senator, in company with him, agreed to go with an armed force, on that very night, and with but little delay, to the house of Cicero, under pretence of paying their respects to him, and to kill him unawares, and unprepared for defense, in his own residence. The lacuna exists in the mutili scrolls, while integri manuscripts have the text there. Instead of such virtues, we have luxury and avarice, public distress, and private superfluity; we extol wealth, and yield to indolence; no distinction is made between good men and bad; and ambition usurps the honors due to virtue. [48], The core theme of his work was decline, though his treatment of Roman politics was "often crude", with a historical philosophy influenced by Thucydides. I myself, however, when a young man, was at first led by inclination, like most others, to engage in political affairs; but in that pursuit many circumstances were unfavorable to me; for, instead of modesty, temperance, and integrity, there prevailed shamelessness, corruption, and rapacity. All our power is situate in the mind and in the body. With his trademark archaizing style, Sallust skillfully captures the drama of the times, including an early morning attempt to assassinate the consul Cicero and two On this occasion, Decimus Junius Silanus, who, as consul elect, was first asked his opinion, moved that capital punishment should be inflicted, not only on those who were in confinement, but also on Lucius Cassius, Publius Furius, Publius Umbrenus, and Quintus Annius, if they should be apprehended; but afterwards, being influenced by the speech of Caius Caesar, he said that he would go over to the opinion of Tiberius Nero, who had proposed that the guards should be increased, and that the senate should deliberate further on the matter. Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust (/slst/; 86 c.35 BC),[1] was a Roman historian and politician from an Italian plebeian family. But at power or wealth, for the sake of which wars, and all kinds of strife, arise among mankind, we do not aim; we desire only our liberty, which no honorable man relinquishes but with life. He brings his narrative to a climax in a senatorial debate concerning the fate of the conspirators, which took place on Dec. 5, 63. Webedition. The enemy made an obstinate resistance; and both sides contended with the utmost fury. 86 B.C. The evidence that Sallust held a quaestorship, an administrative office in finance, sometimes dated about 55, is unreliable. But afterwards, when their lawless power gradually increased, they proceeded, at their pleasure, to kill the good and bad indiscriminately, and to strike terror into all; and thus the state, overpowered and enslaved, paid a heavy penalty for its imprudent exultation. If, indeed, a punishment adequate to their crimes be discovered, I consent to extraordinary measures; but if the enormity of their crime exceeds, whatever can be devised, I think that we should inflict only such penalties as the laws have provided. In Caesar, his easiness of temper was admired; in Cato, his firmness. [81] During the French Wars of Religion, De coniuratione Catilinae became widely known as a tutorial on disclosing conspiracies. [59] Sallust also often uses antithesis, alliterations and chiasmus. Manuscripts of his writings are usually divided into two groups: mutili (mutilated) and integri (whole; undamaged). Sallust, Gaius Sallustius Crispus (8635 BCE), a Sabine from Amiternum, acted against Cicero and Milo as tribune in 52, joined Caesar after being expelled from 4020 University Drive, Suite 300 Far from it; my recommendation is, that their property be confiscated, and that they themselves be kept in custody in such of the municipal towns as are best able to bear the expense; that no one hereafter bring their case before the senate, or speak on it to the people; and that the senate now give their opinion, that he who shall act contrary to this, will act against the republic and the general safety. On the other side, Caius Antonius, who, being lame, was unable to be present in the engagement, gave the command of the army to Marcus Petreius, his lieutenant. Behold that liberty, that liberty for which you have so often wished, with wealth, honor, and glory, are set before your eves. jack_26_12 PLUS. I answer that time, the course of events, and fortune, whose caprice governs nations, may blame it. Latin Set Text Chapter 6 Translation. There is also a unique scroll Codex Vaticanus 3864, known as "V". The ardor of Catiline, however, was not at all diminished; he formed every day new schemes; he deposited arms, in convenient places, throughout Italy; he sent sums of money, borrowed on his own credit, or that of his friends, to a certain Manlius, at Faesulae, who was subsequently the first to engage in hostilities. When the city is taken, no power is left to the vanquished. [49] In this, he felt a "pervasive pessimism" with decline that was "both dreadful and inevitable", a consequence of political and moral corruption itself caused by Rome's immense power:[46] he traced the civil war to the influx of wealth from conquest and the absence of serious foreign threats to hone and exercise Roman virtue at arms. In this person there was not less levity than impudence; he could neither keep secret what he heard, nor conceal his own crimes; he was altogether heedless what he said or what he did. 19 terms. His moral and political values are traditional; they commemorate the past to castigate the present. For the glory of wealth and beauty is fleeting and perishable; that of intellectual power is illustrious and immortal. But, in the name of the immortal gods, I call upon you who have always valued your mansions and villas, your statues and pictures, at a higher price than the welfare of your country; if you wish to preserve those possessions, of whatever kind they are, to which you are attached; if you wish to secure quiet for the enjoyment of your pleasures, arouse yourselves, and act in defense of your country. shee-ma. [22] Mommsen identified this Sallustius with Sallust the historian, but Broughton argued that Sallust the historian would not have been an assistant to Caesar's adversary or, as an ex-plebeian tribune, have taken the lowly title legatus pro quaestore. They protected with their arms, their liberty, their country, and their homes. 5 Lucius Catiline was a man of noble birth, and of eminent mental and personal endowments, but of a vicious and depraved disposition. This war provided the opportunity for the rise to the consulship of Gaius Marius, who, like Sallust and Cicero, was a new man. His accession to power represented a successful attack on the traditionally exclusive Roman political elite, but it caused the kind of political conflict that, in Sallusts view, resulted in war and ruin. To recognize basic rhetorical devices used by Sallust. This was an evil, which, after many years, had returned upon the community to the extent to which it now prevailed. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sallust. History and Constitution of the Text References General Bibliography The War with Catiline Introduction: Sallusts Sources for the Catiline Chronology Outline of the Bellum Catilinae Text and Translation 44 The Allobroges, according to the directions of Cicero, procured interviews, by means of Gabinius, with the other conspirators; and from Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and Cassius, they demanded an oath, which they might carry under seal to their countrymen, who otherwise would hardly join in so important an affair. is in our own hands. Probably born at Amiternum in the country of the Sabines, Sallust became a partisan of Julius Caesar (100 to 44 BC), circa 50s BC. His focus on moralising also misrepresents and over-simplifies the state of Roman politics. And even in later time, when the state had become corrupted by luxury and indolence, the republic still supported itself, by its own strength, under the misconduct of its generals and magistrates; when, as if the parent stock were exhausted, there was certainly not produced at Rome, for many years, a single citizen of eminent ability. As a reward for his services, Sallust was appointed proconsular governor of Africa Nova, either from 4645 or for early 44BC. For all those shameless, libertine, and profligate characters, who had dissipated their patrimonies by gaming, luxury, and sensuality; all who had contracted heavy debts, to purchase immunity for their crimes or offences; all assassins or sacrilegious persons from every quarter, convicted or dreading conviction for their evil deeds; all, besides, whom their tongue or their hand maintained by perjury or civil bloodshed; all, in fine, whom wickedness, poverty, or a guilty conscience disquieted, were the associates and intimate friends of Catiline. A digression in this work indicates that he considered party strife as the principal factor in the republics disintegration. [citation needed], Two letters (Duae epistolae de republica ordinanda), letters of political counsel and advice addressed to Caesar, and an attack upon Cicero (Invectiva or Declamatio in Ciceronem), frequently attributed to Sallust, are thought by modern scholars to have come from the pen of a rhetorician of the first century AD, along with a counter-invective attributed to Cicero. German historian, philologist, and legal scholar. We will read the Sallust's Bellum Catilinae. These speeches distill the Cambridge, 2010. The remainder Catiline conducted, over rugged mountains, and by forced marches, into the neighborhood of Pistoria, with a view to escape covertly, by cross roads, into Gaul. [5][16][17] The "earliest certain information" on his career is his terms as plebeian tribune in 52 BC, the year in which the followers of Milo killed Clodius. To articulate a basic understanding of Sallust's historical and rhetorical aims. These parts are said to have been thus distributed. 9 Good morals, accordingly, were cultivated in the city and in the camp. The neighboring kings and people, accordingly, began to assail them in war, while a few only of their friends came to their support; for the rest, struck with alarm, shrunk from sharing their dangers. During the course of these proceedings at Rome, Caius Manlius dispatched some of his followers as envoys to Quintus Marcius Rex, with directions to address him to the following effect: Sallust's vivid account of Roman public life shows a Republic in decline, prey to moral corruption and internal strife. When the mind is freely exerted, its reasoning is sound; but passion, if it gain possession of it, becomes its tyrant, and reason is powerless. Catiline's conspiracy was the "single armed insurrection" that afflicted Rome between Sulla's civil war and Caesar's civil war. Who I am, you will learn from the person whom I have sent to you. These vices at first advanced but slowly, and were sometimes restrained by correction; but afterwards, when their infection had spread like a pestilence, the state was entirely changed, and the government, from being the most equitable and praiseworthy, became rapacious and insupportable. To such indignities, bravest of men, how long will you submit? [52], The style of works written by Sallust was well known in Rome. Ahlberg, Axel Wilhelm, editor. To recognize basic rhetorical devices used by Sallust. All humans who are keen to surpass other animals had best strive with all their might not to pass through life without notice, like cattle, which nature has fashioned bent over and subservient to their stomachs. For those, whom Catiline had previously sent to those parts, had begun, without consideration and seemingly with madness, to attempt everything at once, and, by nocturnal meetings, by removing armor and weapons from place to place, and by hurrying and confusing everything, had created more alarm than danger. I knew that the Romans had frequently, with small bodies of men, encountered vast armies of the enemy; I was aware that they had carried on wars with limited forces against powerful sovereigns; that they had often sustained, too, the violence of adverse fortune; yet that, while the Greeks excelled them in eloquence, the Gauls surpassed them in military glory. Bennett's New Latin Grammar or, better, Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. (Mart. For whenever any one coveted the mansion or villa, or even the plate or apparel of another, he exerted his influence to have him numbered among the proscribed. Because of electoral disturbances in 53, there were no regular government officials other than the tribunes, and the next year opened in violence that led to the murder of Clodius Pulcher, a notorious demagogue and candidate for the praetorship (a magistracy ranking below that of consul), by a gang led by Titus Annius Milo. WebSallust Bellum Catilinae 5. Due to those charges and without prospects for advancement, he devoted himself to writing history,[25] presenting his historical writings as an extension of public life to record achievements for future generations. The mind, when such feelings obstruct its view, cannot easily see what is right; nor has any human being consulted, at the same moment, his passions and his interest. The others came without delay; but Coeparius, having left his house a little before, and heard of the discovery of the conspiracy, had fled from the city. When the day of the comitia came, and neither Catilines efforts for the consulship, nor the plots which he had laid for the consuls in the Campus Martius, were attended with success, he determined to proceed to war, and to resort to the utmost extremities, since what he had attempted secretly had ended in confusion and disgrace. Sallusts Contribution to Roman Historiography 4. Nor was Antonius far distant, as he was pursuing, though with a large army, yet through plainer ground, and with fewer hindrances, the enemy in retreat. [34] His political life influenced his histories, which produced in him a "deep bitterness toward the elite", with "few heroes in his surviving writings". They had a government regulated by laws. Certain citizens, of the highest rank, have conspired to ruin their country; they are engaging the Gauls, the bitterest foes of the Roman name, to join in a war against us; the leader of the enemy is ready to make a descent upon us; and do you hesitate, even in such circumstances how to treat armed incendiaries arrested within your walls? In the Macedonian war, which we carried on against king Perses, the great and powerful state of Rhodes, which had risen by the aid of the Roman people, was faithless and hostile to us; yet, when the war was ended, and the conduct of the Rhodians was taken into consideration, our forefathers left them unmolested, lest any should say that war was made upon them for the sake of seizing their wealth, rather than of punishing their faithlessness. But who, it may be asked, will blame any severity that shall be decreed against these parricides of their country? Was it because the Porcian law forbids it? Of their exercise of which virtues, I consider these as the greatest proofs; that, in war, punishment was oftener inflicted on those who attacked an enemy contrary to orders, and who, when commanded to retreat, retired too slowly from the contest, than on those who had dared to desert their standards or, when pressed by the enemy, to abandon their posts; and that, in peace, they governed more by conferring benefits than by exciting terror, and, when they received an injury, chose rather to pardon than to revenge it. But such mercy, and such clemency, if they turn those arms against you, will end in misery to yourselves. THE INTRODUCTION, I.-IV.The character of Catiline, V.Virtues of the ancient Romans, VI.-IX.Degeneracy of their posterity, X.-XIII.Catilines associates and supporters, and the arts by which he collected them, XIV.His crimes and wretchedness, XV.His tuition of his accomplices, and resolution to subvert the government, XVI.His convocation of the conspirators, and their names, XVII.His concern in a former conspiracy, XVIII. At first the love of money, and then that of power, began to prevail, and these became, as it were, the sources of every evil. He himself, having posted the necessary guards conducted Lentulus to the prison; and the same office was performed for the rest by the praetors. Sallusts moralizing and brilliant style made him popular in the Middle Ages, and he was an important influence on the English Classical republicans of the 17th century (who, during a period of revolution and turmoil, advocated for a government modeled on the Roman Republic) and the U.S. WebReexamines Sallust's description of the alleged massacre of Italians in Cirta in the Bellum Jugurthinum. To those who had easily endured toils, dangers, and doubtful and difficult circumstances, ease and wealth, the objects of desire to others, became a burden and a trouble. His constitution could endure hunger, want of sleep, and cold, to a degree surpassing belief. According to Jerome, Sallust later became the second husband of Cicero's ex-wife Terentia. As to Gabinius, Statilius, Coeparius, why should I make any remark upon them? A systematic grammar of Latin is recommended. What I advise, then, is this: that since the state, by a treasonable combination of abandoned citizens, has been brought into the greatest peril; and since the conspirators have been convicted on the evidence of Titus Volturcius, and the envoys of the Allobroges, and on their own confession, of having concerted massacres, conflagrations, and other horrible and cruel outrages, against their fellow-citizens and their country, punishment be inflicted, according to the usage of our ancestors, on the prisoners who have confessed their guilt, as on men convicted of capital crimes. But my ardor for action is daily more and more excited when I consider what our future condition of life must be, unless we ourselves assert our claims to liberty. But after Cyrus in Asia, and the Lacedaemonians and Athenians in Greece, began to subjugate cities and nations, to deem the lust of dominion a reason for war, and to imagine the greatest glory to be in the most extensive empire, it was then at length discovered, by proof and experience, that mental power has the greatest effect in military operations. He rejoiced that, by the discovery of the conspiracy, the state was freed from danger; but he was doubtful how he ought to act, when citizens of such eminence were detected in treason so atrocious. The War With Catiline, in Sallust (Loeb Classics), trans. Yet his proposal appears to me, I will not say cruel (for what can be cruel that is directed against such characters? Caesar grew eminent by generosity and munificence; Cato by the integrity of his life. He makes no attack on the structure of the Roman state. Omissions? Had they ever possessed the smallest share of discretion, they would never have engaged in such a plot against their country. I could mention, but that the account would draw me too far from my subject, places in which the Roman people, with a small body of men, routed vast armies of the enemy; and cities which, though fortified by nature, they carried by assault. Fulvia, having learned the cause of his extravagant behavior, did not keep such danger to the state a secret; but, without naming her informant, communicated to several persons what she had heard, and under what circumstances, concerning Catilines conspiracy. Of these, Quintus Metellus Celer, the praetor, having brought several to trial, under the decree of the senate, had thrown them into prison, as had also Caius Muraena in Further Gaul, who governed that province in quality of legate. [10][29] In late summer 47BC, a group of soldiers rebelled near Rome, demanding their discharge and payment for service. They are also available in on-line editions, but are not formatted for ease of use. It appears to me, therefore, more reasonable to pursue glory by means of the intellect than of bodily strength, and, since the life which we enjoy is short, to make the remembrance of us as lasting as possible. WebTHE WAR WITH CATILINE. [41] It shows no traces of personal recollections on the conspiracy, perhaps indicating the Sallust was out of the city on military service at the time. 10 But when, by perseverance and integrity, the republic had increased its power; when mighty princes had been vanquished in war; when barbarous tribes and populous states had been reduced to subjection; when Carthage, the rival of Romes dominion, had been utterly destroyed, and sea and land lay everywhere open to her sway, Fortune then began to exercise her tyranny, and to introduce universal innovation. At one time Marcus Porcius Latro was considered a candidate for the authorship of the pseudo-Sallustian corpus, but this view is no longer commonly held. [27] In 48BC, he was probably made quaestor by Caesar, automatically restoring his seat in the senate. Of the mind we rather employ the government; of the body, the service. 23 Among those present at this meeting was Quintus Curius, a man of no mean family, but immersed in vices and crimes, and whom the censors had ignominiously expelled from the senate. Having then sent away the horses of all the cavalry, in order to increase the mens courage by making their danger equal, he himself on foot, drew up his troops suitably to their numbers and the nature of the ground. monograph, Bellum Catilinae (4342 bc; Catilines War), deals with corruption in Roman politics by tracing the conspiracy of Catiline, a ruthlessly ambitious patrician who had attempted to seize power in 63 bc after the suspicions of his fellow nobles and the growing mistrust of the people prevented him from attaining. [25] Some historians, however, give it an earlier date of composition, perhaps as early at 50BC as an unpublished pamphlet which was reworked and published after the civil wars. This work indicates that he considered party strife as the principal factor in the.... The government ; of the Roman state can be cruel that is against! Sempronia, a woman who had committed many crimes with the utmost fury to Gabinius Statilius! 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