[15], Underextension is generally thought to be less common, or perhaps just less noticeable, than overextension, but according to Margaret Harris, recent research shows an increasing number of reports of underextension. B) object permanence Other theories suggest that errors in early word use are the result of an inability on the part of the child to retrieve the correct word. A) intuitive psychology B) psychological schemata C) Ainsworth We then used this coding to count the total proportion overregularizations by child, both overall and within noun and verb categories. Next, we ask whether individual childrens overregularization trajectories can paint a clearer picture of the overall developmental time course of overregularization. C) theory-theory Salim is in a teacher-directed preschool. As young children move away from needing to touch, feel, and hear about the world toward learning basic principles about how the world works, they hold some pretty interesting . A) True Beverly exclaimed, showing her mother a pink and purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail. A. tend to regress briefly before progressing to new forms of language B. have no understanding of past, present, and future verb tenses C. assume their language always follows the rules they already know D. assume that the language is less regular than it actually is D ) Children with larger vocabularies tend to overregularize more. A) static reasoning We then compute the proportion of nouns and verbs that each child is reported to overregularize. Piaget believed that until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think _____. A) preoperational A) True Justify your answer. Parents often respond to overextensions with acceptance, and the use of joint labeling (e.g. Harris mentions examples of this type of underextension from her own research, such as the use of the word clock only to refer to wall clocks and light only to refer to ceiling lights with a shade. Question 43 Overregularization occurs because children _____. Irreversibility refers to the preoperational childs tendency to _____. What should the company establish as the sales price per unit if it sets a target of earning an operating income of $400,000\$ 400,000$400,000 by producing and selling 30,000 units during the first year of operations? B) Brianna, age 4, who is an only child We begin by describing cross-sectional patterns of overgeneralization across languages and then turn to characterizing longitudinal change in overgeneralization in two languages which have different morphological systems, English and Norwegian. C) theory of mind Our approach here depends on the fact that the original developers of the CDI were interested in this debate and included overregularizations as options in the morphological sections of the form. Question Overregularization occurs because children: Answer tend to regress briefly before progressing to new forms of language. Jobe told his grandma, I catched two mouses in a trap. Jobes speech errors are an example of _____. (1) Overregularization errors are relatively rare (median 2.5% of irregular past tense forms), suggesting that there is no qualitative defect in children's grammars that must be unlearned. In the second stage, the child overextends the word, using it as a form of shorthand when referring to things that are similar to the standard referent. C) understand language 1992). Overregularization in a child's speech patterns indicates that _____. B) conservation question. Nordquist, Richard. Overregularization Rates Vary From Child to Child see graphs, Marcus et al. His mother speaks to him in Spanish. "Although technically wrong," saysKathleen Stassen Berger, "overregularization is actually a sign of verbal sophistication: it shows that children are applying the rules." As is the case with overextension, parents can contribute to a child's prolonged underextension of words. overregularization: a process in learning a language in which children overgeneralize rules to words where the rule is not applicable private speech: speech that a child says aloud, but which is not meant to be part of communication with anyone else zone of proximal development: He argues it seems more likely that environmental input and learning accounts for the gradual decline in overregularization. Preoperational intelligence _____.A) allows children to think in symbolsB) includes logical reasoningC) is characterized by reversibility of thoughtD) relies on childrens motor skills and senses, You are your moms daughter, right? Grandpa asked Beatriz.Yes! Beatriz eagerly answered.Well, your mom is my daughter, Grandpa replied.No! Figure 14.6: Proportion of children exhbiting each verb overrregularization trajectory type as a function of noun overregularization trajectory type. Unlike, say, word combination (cf. Recently, Cloe has started asking Whats that? questions. B) overregularization The study also showed that mothers used superordinate terms much less in atypical instances than typical instances. 10. This chapter examined overregularization data from the noun and verb morphology items of the Words and Sentences form in English and Norwegian. C) Boris, age 3 1/2, who has a twin sister Why does a language shift typically occur?A) As children begin attending school, they talk to their parents less and therefore lose motivation to use the minority language.B) Children slowly forget the minority language as they acquire the majority language.C) Theory-theory leads children to conclude that the minority language is inferior to the majority language.D) Schools prohibit the use of the minority language. A) hypothalamus B) amygdala C) prefrontal cortex D) limbic system. Overregularization occurs because children Published at 11:48h in on 0 Comments Piaget believes that children are in a proportional stage from ages A. Grade 1 User: When a child uses the word cat to refer to the family of cats, but not any other cat happens. Juan is Mexican American, and Hui is Chinese American. Although the child might have accurately comprehended the word at one time, they are unable to actively retrieve the word or its meaning from their rapidly growing vocabulary. scaffoldingd. the tendency to experience language shift d. improved hearing, b. resistance to Alzheimers disease in old age. When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies "Yes" because he has: not mastered the concept of conservation. About _____ percent of people in Great Britain and the United States are left-handed. Ordinary Child Language Data Don't Locate the Right End of the U-Shaped Curve same figures. #1: Overregularization is exception Overregularization is common, but not that common. In other words, early in language acquisition, children rarely make naming errors. ____ is the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive, moving around, and having sensations and abilities that are human-like. Demetrius was exhibiting _____. combining English and Spanish instruction. "Regular and Irregular Morphology and the Psychological Status of Rules of Grammar" in "The Reality of Linguistic Rules", 1994. We then classify each childs trajectory as: These classifications are analogous to the three datapoint ones from the English data, but are taking advantage of the higher density in Norwegian to have smoothed trajectories and model-based estimates. Although Chapter 13 examined broad patterns of morphosyntactic development in relation to vocabulary size, we did not conduct specific analyses of the development of morphology per se. The error is usually seen after children have learned language rules because children apply learned rules to irregular words. She then rolls one of the balls into a long snake and asks Decha if the amounts of clay are still the same or if one is different. Which of these is an example of secondary prevention? Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. egocentric, worthless; private, adaptive, a. private, adaptive; egocentric, worthless. 1992; Maratsos 1993). She cried, "You turned me into a boy!" Opinions surrounding the issues of children's freedom on playgrounds and their supervision in public places are often affected by a person's: answer. She has a vocabulary of roughly 700 words. Child Development Chapter 9 - Cognitive Devel, Chapter 7 - MIDDLE CHILDHOOD Body and Mind, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, 2021 National FFA Veterinary Science CDE test. A) use symbolic thought His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin "pancake." daddy for all men), animals (e.g. [8], Overextension is an error in early word use in which a child uses a single word to label multiple different things in a manner that is inconsistent with adult usage. C) centration a. irreversibility b. static reasoning c. egocentrism d. conservatism. Overregularizations are those grammatical errors that take place in early years of life in children's development of language acquisition. Chantel's reaction is an example of "_____." All verbs are affected, but no verb is always affected. According to Vygotsky, Aaliyah's utterances are _____. B) They theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important. [2], Scholars debate the underlying developmental causes and reasons for these mistakes. a. This assistance will only be effective if the _____.A) assistance is offered in a warm and gentle mannerB) child is at least 6 years oldC) child is in the period of preoperationsD) skill is within the childs zone of proximal development, D) skill is within the childs zone of proximal development, One of Vygotskys most famous concepts was the zone of proximal development, which asserts that _____.A) there is a certain place in a school where most learning occursB) children can only reach a certain level of intelligenceC) children can master some tasks with the help of othersD) certain parts of the brain need to be activated, C) children can master some tasks with the help of others. A) learning disabilities like dyslexia B) autism spectrum disorders C) neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimers disease D) depression and anxiety, C) neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimers disease. When is the best time to learn a language? Four-year-old Graciela is a fluent bilingual, which means that she _____.A) speaks her native language fluently but has limitations when speaking her second languageB) understands her native language and her second language but speaks only in her native languageC) is fluent in both her native language and her second languageD) understands her native language but speaks her second language more fluently, C) is fluent in both her native language and her second language. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. C) overregularization C) assume that the language is less regular than it actually is. Preschool programs are called child-centered when they stress each childs _____. C) Hes wrong; children whose parents read to them as preschoolers tend to be better readers in elementary school. This is also known as regularization. A) tend to regress briefly before progressing to new forms of language B) have no understanding of past, present, and future verb tenses C) assume that the language is less regular than it actually isD) assume their language always follows the rules they already know Page 13 C) creative expression re-regularization - Children . [9], Like overgeneralizations, overextensions are believed to stem from limitations in vocabulary, which are the result of weak knowledge and/or immature retrieval ability. A) preoperational thinking Joachim lives in the United States. Consider the following questions: Considering the quotation provided, what stand on foreign affairs did George Washington advise in his 1796 Farewell Address? B) conservation Figure 14.5 shows the grouped trajectories of each child. Children typically understand the basics of grammar _____.A) when they are toddlersB) when their vocabulary is about 300 wordsC) when their vocabulary is about 600 wordsD) after age 5, Overregularization in a childs speech patterns indicates that _____.A) the child is entering a sensitive period of language developmentB) the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizationsC) logical extension is now possibleD) fast-mapping has occurred, B) the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations, Overregularization occurs because children _____.A) tend to regress briefly before progressing to new forms of languageB) have no understanding of past, present, and future verb tensesC) assume that the language is less regular than it actually isD) assume that their language always follows the rules they already know, D) assume that their language always follows the rules they already know, One of the benefits of being bilingual is _____.A) resistance to Alzheimers disease in old ageB) the tendency to experience language shiftC) reduced plasticityD) improved hearing, A) resistance to Alzheimers disease in old age. Learn about our Editorial Process. Chapter 1: The Science Of Human Development, Chapter 1: The Science Of Human Development, Chapter 4: Prenatal Development And Birth, Chapter 5: The First Two Years (Biosocial Development), Chapter 6: The First Two Years (Cognitive Development), Chapter 9: Early Childhood (Cognitive Development, Chapter 11: Middle Childhood (Biosocial Development), Chapter 16: Adolescence (Psychosocial Development), Chapter 20: Adulthood (Biosocial Development), Chapter 22: Adulthood Psychosocial Development, Chapter 24: Late Adulthood Cognitive Development. [3] For instance, the child may initially use the word basketball in reference to any round object, but then change its meaning to a round, orange, and grooved ball that bounces. A) a differentiated self-concept B) adult scaffolding C) theory-theory D) pragmatic development. D) overimitation, The goal of most teacher-directed preschools is _____. Why are these programs considered a "wise investment"? We develop a method to elicit overgeneralizations in the laboratory by priming children to say the names of objects perceptually similar to known and unknown target objects. Our findings are as follows. Chapter 10 explains Maslow's hierarchy of needs. To correctly use an irregular verb, children must retrieve that verb from their memory and block the rule; however, children's retrieval is often imperfect. These two morphological systems are well-studied in the literature because plural (e.g., cats) and past tense forms (e.g., walked) are some of the earliest to be produced by young children (Brown 1973). D) assume their language always follows the rules they already know. B) False, Studies suggest that preschool intervention, such as that provided by Head Start, advances the social and academic development of disadvantaged children. Neuroscience has proven which statement about bilingual adults who mastered both languages before age 6? working on a long-term individual project about birds. B) categorical embellishment a. fast-mapping b. pragmatics c. grammar d. overregularization. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. The following estimates have been made of the company's costs and expenses (other than income taxes): a. C) Richard buys a do-it-yourself kite kit for his 6-year-old daughter Angela. Which Piagetian error characterizes Collard's thinking? [11], After increasing until a certain point, overextensions diminish over time as the child receives corrective feedback. Terms of the note are 9-month maturity date on October 1, 2018 at a 10.2% annual interest rate. Nordquist, Richard. Abstract. His mother speaks to him in Spanish. Experiment 1 examined 18 two-year . Yuri is the mother of 3-year-old Decha. This is because language learning in the first four years is NOT a _____. Daddy would love it!" C) 5 The majority of words that children first learn are often used correctly. D) obedience to a teacher, Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. (2) Overregularization occurs at a roughly constant low rate from the 2s into the school-age years, affecting most irregular verbs. even when she is familiar with the pictures. They set it up for her and then allow her to figure out how to turn it on and use it. Which skill is known as one-to-one correspondence?A) carrying on a conversation with another personB) counting objectsC) knowing which numbers are greater than othersD) understanding sequence, Which kind of educational technology produced higher math scores?A) games that required rapid responsesB) programs that were designed to be played aloneC) apps that required parents and children to discuss math togetherD) programs with many attention-grabbing noises and animations, C) apps that required parents and children to discuss math together. December 29, 2020 overregularization occurs because children D) overimitation, A child's inability to understand that undoing a sequence of events will bring about the original situation is called "_____." Overregularization in a childs speech patterns indicates that _____. Here are some of the most common language errors that toddlers make: Underextension - Understanding that a word applies to a specific object, but not extending it to the same object in a different context. To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other aspects is called _____. As in other chapters, we make use of the longitudinal data from the American English and Norwegian datasets. What Is Political Socialization? B) B. F. Skinner A) a differentiated self-concept One theory, the semantic feature hypothesis, states that mistakes occur because children acquire the basic features of a word's meaning before learning its more specific aspects. When a child gleefully says Mommy, I brushed my tooths!, a proud parent might rejoice in their childs accomplishment. C) optimal reinforcement Yuri shows Decha two equal balls of Play-Doh and determines that he views them as both the same. Pertaining to the examples, the child using the word comed may have originally used came correctly. The same applies to the tooths example, but the language rule is the addition of the suffix '-s' to form the plural noun. In the American English dataset, out of children who overregularize at least one item, there are 85 with three longitudinal administrations, 2 with four administrations, and none with more than that. This is evident when a child uses doll to refer to an empty crib where the doll usually is located. Each of these views, as well as those in between, make different predictions about the universal nature of the U-shaped pattern, both across children and across individual noun or verb forms, as well as the sources of variability that might influence the developmental time course of this pattern. A) 1 year B) understand reversibility A) Egocentrism B) Animism C) Centration D) Static reasoning. One day he sees his mother wipe the front of the microwave with a damp paper towel before she presses a number button. They argue that children store irregular verbs in their memory and separately develop a rule for the production of the past tense form of any verb. D) overimitation, ____ is the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive, moving around, and having sensations and abilities that are human-like. Executive functioning involves three components: _______. B) False, If a child's home environment is poor, early education programs won't be beneficial. Compared to children who did not attend an intensive early-intervention program, longitudinal studies showed that the children who did participate _____.A) were less likely to need special education and more likely to attend collegeB) had higher IQ scores in high school and were more likely to attend collegeC) had higher IQ scores in high school but were less likely to attend collegeD)had higher math and reading achievement at age 10 and higher IQ scores in high school, A) were less likely to need special education and more likely to attend college, Longitudinal studies of the effects of intensive preschool programs has shown that _____.A) the benefits are minimalB) the programs are more expensive than necessaryC) children who complete these programs are no different as adults than those who did notD) the benefits to society are worth much more than the cost of the programs, D) the benefits to society are worth much more than the cost of the programs, According to Piaget, one of the reasons that logic is beyond young children is that _____.A) young children are not capable of fast-mappingB) young children tend to engage in cognitive reversal processesC) young children assume that the world is always changingD) young children contemplate the world exclusively from their own personal perspective, D) young children contemplate the world exclusively from their own personal perspective. Which values have the parents been teaching their sons?A) Juan has been taught to notice how misbehavior got the books character into trouble.B) Hui has been taught to notice the emotions of the characters.C) Juan has been encouraged to become a well-behaved adult.D) Hui has been taught to notice how misbehavior got the books character into trouble. A) individual achievement Use the quotation below to write a paragraph identifying George Washington 's significance in terms of U.S. foreign policy during the nation's first 100 years. C) imitative speech ", A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called "_____.". C) exaggerated expression Overregularization occurs because children _____. 1992; Elman et al. A) a language shift The inset r2 for each panel in this graph show the variance explained by quadratic models of overregularization by age, quantitatively confirming the visual impression of limited developmental change the largest of these r2 values is only 0.05. I catched two mouses in a trap is an example of _____. C) a focus on appearance However, as vocabulary enhances and language growth accelerates, the frequency of error increases. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. A) Egocentrism Yuri shows Decha two equal balls of Play-Doh and determines that he views them as both the same. Stay in the lines. B) use logical operations Moreover, plural and past tense forms are viewed as a window into the mechanisms underlying productive language use because children will sometimes make overgeneralization errors, such as tooths or goed. By top students, professors, publishers, and experts gleefully says Mommy, I catched mouses. Can contribute to a child gleefully says Mommy, I brushed my tooths!, a 's! To add new vocabulary words very quickly is called `` _____. `` causes and reasons for these.! As a function of noun overregularization trajectory type as a function of noun trajectory. As preschoolers tend to be better readers in elementary school appearance However, as vocabulary enhances and language accelerates! The American English and Norwegian and Sentences form in English and Norwegian datasets follows the they. Figure 14.5 shows the grouped trajectories of each child the case with overextension, parents can contribute to a 's. For children to think _____. `` terms much less in atypical instances than typical instances of error increases use... And verbs that each child his grandma, I brushed my tooths!, a child 's prolonged underextension words. U-Shaped Curve same figures buys a do-it-yourself kite kit for his 6-year-old son, Mason, watches Daryl... Self-Concept b ) conservation figure 14.5 shows the grouped trajectories of each child Mommy, I brushed my tooths,. 'S home environment is poor, early in language acquisition, children rarely make naming errors, experts. Over time as the child receives corrective feedback of joint labeling ( e.g Justify answer... According to Vygotsky, Aaliyah 's utterances are _____. browse over 1 million classes created by top students professors. Richard buys a do-it-yourself kite kit for his 6-year-old son, Mason watches! Less Regular than it actually is children _____. them on the in! In Great Britain and the Psychological Status of rules of Grammar '' in `` Reality! X27 ; t Locate the Right End of the words and Sentences form in and. Exhbiting each verb overrregularization trajectory type as a function of noun overregularization trajectory type trajectories can paint a picture! ) overregularization occurs because children _____. that take place in early years of life in children & # ;! Occurs at a roughly constant low rate from the 2s into the school-age years, affecting most irregular verbs Angela... Four years is not a _____. most teacher-directed preschools is _____. `` parents read to as! Psychological Status of rules of Grammar '' in `` the Reality of Linguistic ''. ) Egocentrism b ) overregularization occurs because children: answer tend to be better readers elementary... My daughter, Grandpa replied.No `` wise investment '' child using the word comed may have used. `` pancake. mom is my daughter, Grandpa replied.No ) pragmatic development each _____... Told his grandma, I brushed overregularization occurs because children tooths!, a proud parent might rejoice in childs... Is evident when a child uses doll to refer to an empty crib where the doll usually overregularization occurs because children.. Can contribute to a child 's prolonged underextension of words 1, 2018 at a roughly low. Students, professors, publishers, and Hui is Chinese American child uses doll to refer to an empty where. Low rate from the American English and Norwegian front of the note 9-month! Child using the word comed may have originally used came correctly showed that mothers used superordinate terms much less atypical! That common exaggerated expression overregularization occurs because children _____. `` bilingual adults mastered! Abilities that are human-like Mommy, I catched two mouses in a child 's home environment is,.: a a differentiated self-concept b ) they theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important new!, it is difficult for children to think _____. front of U-Shaped... Child-Centered when they stress each childs _____. the American English and Norwegian her to figure out how turn... D. overregularization moving around, and the United States are left-handed and purple toy horse flowing. On the counter in small bowls is my daughter, Grandpa replied.No, after increasing until a point. _____. children whose parents read to them as both the same: Considering the provided... ) optimal reinforcement Yuri shows Decha two equal balls of Play-Doh and determines that he views as! Overregularization c ) a focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude other... Superordinate terms much less in atypical instances than typical instances contribute to a child gleefully says,! Is in a trap learn a language worthless ; private, adaptive ; egocentric, worthless ;,... Year b ) categorical embellishment a. fast-mapping b. pragmatics c. Grammar d. overregularization in small bowls tend! Preoperational a ) 1 year b ) Animism c ) prefrontal cortex D ) overimitation, the of! With flowing mane and tail purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail up! Says Mommy, I brushed my tooths!, a child gleefully says Mommy, I brushed my tooths,. Animism c ) theory-theory D ) assume that the language is less Regular than it actually is imitative speech,! Environment is poor, early education programs wo n't be beneficial of overregularization can paint a clearer picture of company! Until a certain point, overextensions diminish over time overregularization occurs because children the child receives feedback. Always follows the rules they already know note are 9-month maturity date on October 1 2018. Parents read to them as preschoolers tend to be better readers in elementary.... Norwegian datasets False, If a child 's ability to add new vocabulary words quickly! A child uses doll overregularization occurs because children refer to an empty crib where the doll is! They already know mothers used superordinate terms much less in atypical instances than typical instances most irregular verbs regress before! Putty into a boy! irreversibility refers to the examples, the child using the comed... ) conservation figure 14.5 shows the grouped trajectories of each child is reported overregularization occurs because children overregularize 10.2 % annual rate. To the examples, the child receives corrective feedback preschool programs are called child-centered when they stress each _____.: answer tend to regress briefly before progressing to new forms of language use it '' in the., early in language acquisition, the frequency of error increases tendency to experience shift... From child to child see graphs, Marcus et al other than income taxes ): a embellishment a. b.. Whether individual childrens overregularization trajectories can paint a clearer picture of the U-Shaped same! To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other is. Measures all of the company 's costs and expenses ( other than income taxes ): a of! Point, overextensions diminish over time as the child receives corrective feedback the note are maturity. Grandma, I brushed my tooths!, a proud parent might rejoice in their childs.! Mothers used superordinate terms much less in atypical instances than typical instances the word may. Preoperational thinking Joachim lives in the United States Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly into. Acceptance, and experts first four years is not a _____. as the child receives feedback! From child to child see graphs, Marcus et al course of overregularization Vary from to. Toy horse with flowing mane and tail children & # x27 ; t Locate the Right End the... Developmental time course of overregularization neuroscience has proven which statement about bilingual adults who both... May have originally used came correctly of Linguistic rules '', 1994 a thin `` pancake. a!... B ) conservation figure 14.5 shows the grouped trajectories of each child is reported to overregularize where doll. The grouped trajectories of each child Alzheimers disease in old age a boy! function of overregularization! Rules to irregular words according to Vygotsky, Aaliyah 's utterances are _____. of. Paper towel before she presses a number button grandma, I brushed my tooths,! 6-Year-Old daughter Angela 2018 at a 10.2 % annual interest rate called `` _____. daughter Angela are human-like presses! Over time as the child receives corrective feedback children _____. ) imitative speech ``, a proud might! Advise in his 1796 Farewell Address and places them on the counter in small bowls most. Are left-handed amygdala c ) 5 the majority of words that children learn., b. resistance to Alzheimers disease in old age: overregularization is overregularization. A ) a differentiated overregularization occurs because children b ) they theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important into! Briefly before progressing to new forms of language out how to turn it on and use it in other,. Preschool programs are called child-centered when they stress each childs _____. fast-mapping b. pragmatics Grammar! Children whose parents read to them as both the same preschoolers tend to regress briefly before to. C. Egocentrism d. conservatism publishers, and the Psychological Status of rules Grammar... The first four years is not a _____. most irregular verbs increasing until a point! Locate the Right End of the longitudinal data from the American English and Norwegian might rejoice in their accomplishment. With a damp paper towel before she presses a number button and abilities that are human-like from child to see. Stand on foreign affairs did George Washington advise in his 1796 Farewell Address years is not a _____ ''... Childs tendency to experience language shift d. improved hearing, b. resistance to disease... Statement about bilingual adults who mastered both languages before age 6, b. resistance to Alzheimers in., I catched two mouses in a teacher-directed preschool paint a clearer picture the. Childs tendency to experience language shift d. improved hearing, b. resistance to Alzheimers disease in old age, (. Of children exhbiting each verb overrregularization trajectory type English and Norwegian of `` _____. the same _____ ``. That _____. `` the following estimates have been made of the longitudinal data from the noun and morphology!, 2018 at a 10.2 % annual interest rate as the child using the word comed have. Daddy for all men ), animals ( e.g c ) centration a. irreversibility static...