She often ran away, staying with strangers and working for short periods of time, until she was taken in by her mother's sister Evelyn A. Williams, a civil rights worker who lived in Manhattan. [12][10][201], In an open letter, Shakur has called Cuba "One of the Largest, Most Resistant and Most Courageous Palenques (Maroon Camps) that has ever existed on the Face of this Planet". [98] In the retrial, White testified that the six alleged robbers had saved their hair clippings to create disguises, and identified a partially obscured head and shoulder in a photo taken from a surveillance camera as Shakur's. "Chesimard still stirs admiration and scorn,", Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women, United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Rikers Island Correctional Institution for Women, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 380th addition to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, List of fugitives from justice who disappeared, "Cuba still harbors one of America's most wanted fugitives. [138][139] Kunstler became involved in Shakur's trials in 1975, when contacted by Williams, and commuted from New York City to New Brunswick every day with Stern. A fugitive convicted killer has become the first woman to be put on the FBI's list of "Most Wanted Terrorists". [93] Judge Gagliardi instructed both the prosecution and the defense not to bring up Shakur or Sadiki's connections to the BLA, saying they were "not relevant". [165] The charges were dismissed without trial. When a witness identified Shakur and Andrew Jackson from Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) photographs, a 13-state alarm was issued three days after the attack. "Jury Deliberations Begin in Murder Trial of Squire". "Mistrial Declared in Chesimard Case as Jury Splits 11-1". ", U.S. fugitive a hero to Fidel, but a curiosity to many, Officials Can't Confirm Chesimard Is in Havana, "BBC Radio 4 - 15 Minute Drama, Assata Shakur - The FBI's Most Wanted Woman, Episode 4", "H.Con.Res.254 105th Congress (1997-1998)", Congresswoman Waters issues statement on U.S. Freedom Fighter Assata Shakur. Sullivan, Joseph F. (February 24, 1977), "Chesimard Attorney Acts to Call Kelley; Wants F.B.I. Browse, borrow, and enjoy titles from the Minuteman Library Network digital collection. [96] Shakur was ejected following an argument with Williams, and Hilton left with her as jury selection continued. Wilfredo, Cancio Isla (December 18, 2007). Revolution, the Black Liberation Army, escape from prison and seeking political refuge in Cuba- Assata Shakur writes about her life. Did you shoot or assault Trooper James Harper? Assata's real crime, FBI spokesman Aaron Ford said, was that from Cuba she continues to "maintain and promote her ideology" and "provides anti-U.S. government speeches espousing the Black Liberation Army message"an ideology and message that the U.S. government has declared "terrorism." See Kirsta, Alix (May 29, 1999), "A black and white case Investigation Joanne Chesimard". [25] In 1987, Shakur confirmed to a journalist that there was a drug connection in this incident but refused to elaborate. [163], In October 1977, New York State Superior Court Justice John Starkey dismissed murder and robbery charges against Shakur related to the death of Richard Nelson during a hold-up of a Brooklyn social club on December 28, 1972, ruling that the state had delayed too long in bringing her to trial. [159] Prosecutor Barone questioned whether Davidson was qualified to make such a judgment 39months after the injury; Barone proceeded to suggest (while a female Sheriff's attendant acted out his suggestion) that Shakur was struck in the right arm and collar bone and "then spun around by the impact of the bullet so an immediate second shot entered the fleshy part of her upper left arm" to which Davidson replied "Impossible. [58] Assata Shakur walked toward the trooper with her bloodied arms raised in surrender. In 1979, she escaped from prison and made her way to Cuba, where she was granted political asylum and continues to live today. [223] The New Jersey State Police and Federal Bureau of Investigation each still have an agent officially assigned to her case. Following her parents' divorce, Byron spent much of her childhood moving between her grandparents and other family in Wilmington, North Carolina, and New York City, where her . (February 14, 1974). Judge Starkey said, "People have constitutional rights, and you can't shuffle them around. [62], In December 1973, Shakur was tried for a September 29, 1972, $3,700 robbery of the Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Company in the Bronx, along with co-defendant Kamau Sadiki (born Fred Hilton). She said that the second shot hit her in the back as she turned to avoid it, and that she fell onto the road for the duration of the gunfight before crawling back into the backseat of the Pontiacwhich Acoli drove 5 miles (8km) down the road and parked. [202] Shakur is also known to have worked as an English-language editor for Radio Havana Cuba. She surfaced in Cuba in 1984, where she was granted political asylum. At least 12 aging members of the Black Panthers are still imprisoned in the US. She escaped from prison in 1979 and is currently wanted by the FBI, with a $1 million reward for her apprehension. [158] Additionally, in his autobiography, Kunstler alleged that he later learned from a law enforcement agent that a New Jersey State Assembly member had addressed the jury at the hotel where they were sequestered, urging them to convict Shakur. [118] Shakur and co-defendant Ronald Myers were acquitted on December 19, 1975, after seven hours of jury deliberation, ending a three-month trial in front of Judge William Thompson.[117]. [89] While in the holding pen, they listened to the proceedings over loudspeakers. One officer said that they had created a "myth" to "demonize" Shakur because she was "educated", "young and pretty". [129], A total of 289articles had been published in the local press relating to the various crimes with which Shakur had been accused. [94] This trial resulted in a hung jury and then a mistrial, when the jury reported to Gagliardi that they were hopelessly deadlocked for the fourth time. Assata Shakur was a member of the Black Liberation Army (BLA) which operated as an underground militant revolutionary organization in the U.S. throughout the 1970s. Jones, Robert A. When asked by a reporter why, if that were the case, it took the jury 24 hours to reach a verdict, Kunstler replied, "That was just a pretense." The New York Amsterdam News section is an ad in support of Assata Shakur. McFadden, Robert D. (February 19, 1972). The Black Liberation Army (BLA) was an underground Marxist-Leninist, black-nationalist militant organization that operated in the United States from 1970 to 1981. . [150] The driver traveling north on the turnpike testified that he had seen a State Trooper struggling with a Black man between a white vehicle and a State Trooper car, whose revolving lights illuminated the area. [149], Shakur testified that Trooper Harper shot her after she raised her arms to comply with his demand. [233], Following controversy, in 1995, Borough of Manhattan Community College renamed a scholarship that had previously been named for Shakur. [186][187] No one was injured during the prison break, including the officers held as hostages who were left in a parking lot. Her trial and conviction were a result of the government conspiracy to destroy Black freedom fighters and the movement for liberation from capitalism. [62] Shakur, in her autobiography, and Williams, in Inadmissible Evidence, both claim that it was difficult to find expert witnesses for the trial, because of the expense and because most forensic and ballistic specialists declined on the grounds of a conflict of interest when approached because they routinely performed such work for law enforcement officials. On May 2 1973, Black Panther activist Assata Shakur (fsn) Joanne Deborah Chesimard, was pulled over by the New Jersey State Police, shot twice and then charged with murder of a police officer. A book in the vehicle was said to contain a list of potential BLA targets. [81], Sundiata Acoli, Assata Shakur, Trooper Harper, and a New Jersey Turnpike driver who saw part of the incident were the only surviving witnesses. What happens to Assata Shakur now? The Panthers were beloved . A neurologist testified that the median nerve in Shakur's right arm was severed by the second bullet, making her unable to pull a trigger. In May 1973, Shakur was arrested after being wounded in a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike. [119][122], By the time she was retried in 1977, Acoli had already been convicted of shooting and murdering Foerster. [244], In July 2017, the Women's March official Twitter feed celebrated Shakur's birthday, leading to criticism from some right-wing media outlets. The New York Amsterdam News section is an ad in support of Assata Shakur. [33][34][35], Shakur was wanted for questioning for wounding a police officer on January 26, 1972, who was attempting to serve a traffic summons in Brooklyn. [12], She was booked on charges of attempted robbery, felonious assault, reckless endangerment, and possession of a deadly weapon, then released on bail. Members of the State Troopers Fraternal Association of New Jersey expressed their anger over Common's "A Song For Assata". Assata Olugbala Shakur is a political activist, author, fugitive and aunt of hip-hop artist, Tupac Shakur. Shakur later wrote that teachers seemed surprised when she answered a question in class, as if not expecting black people to be intelligent and engaged. While serving a life sentence for murder, Shakur escaped in 1979, with assistance from the BLA and members of the May 19 Communist Organization, from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in Union Township, NJ, now the Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women. Butler, Vincent (August 24, 1973). [132], The nine-week trial was widely publicized, and was even reported on by the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS). [85], The prosecution's case rested largely on the testimony of two men who had pleaded guilty to participating in the holdup. In the Matter of Hinds, 449 A.2d 483 (N.J. 1982). [70], With gunshot wounds in both arms and a shoulder, Assata Shakur was moved to Middlesex General Hospital under "heavy guard" and was reported to be in "serious condition". [105] New Jersey Superior Court Judge Leon Gerofsky ordered a change of venue in 1973 from Middlesex to Morris County, New Jersey, saying "it was almost impossible to obtain a jury here comprising people willing to accept the responsibility of impartiality so that defendants will be protected from transitory passion and prejudice. [149] The reports then state that after Acoli complied, and as Harper was looking inside the vehicle to examine the registration, Trooper Foerster yelled and held up an ammunition magazine as Shakur simultaneously reached into her red pocketbook, pulled out a 9mm handgun and fired at him. If one were to examine, closely, the hegemonic discourses of black American history, one would be surprised to . [127] She was the only one of the six suspects in the robbery to be brought to trial. State Trooper Harper was wounded; Zayd Shakur was killed; State Trooper Foerster was killed. According to police, Shakur knocked on the door of a guest's room, asked "Is there a party going on here? [149] Trooper Harper's reports then state that he ran to the rear of his car and shot at Shakur who had exited the vehicle and was firing from a crouched position next to the vehicle. In 1977, she was convicted in the first-degree murder of State Trooper Werner Foerster during a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1973. [11] Often there were few or no other black students in her Catholic high school class. I wanted to know everything." Joanne Chesimard, a leader of the Black Liberation Army, was convicted of killing a state trooper on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1973. Assata Shakur. Assata Shakur expresses her concerns about how her fellow people have been treated in America. Between 1973 and 1977, Shakur was charged with murder, attempted murder, armed robbery, bank robbery, and kidnapping in relation to the shootout and six other incidents. [3], Born in Flushing, Queens, she grew up in New York City and Wilmington, North Carolina. [173] When Kunstler first took on Shakur's case (before meeting her), he described her basement cell as "adequate", which nearly resulted in his dismissal as her attorney. The FBI put out a $2 million bounty for her recapture almost 50 years ago. He was sentenced to life in prison in 1974 for murdering a New Jersey state trooper. [202] She has praised Fidel Castro as a "hero of the oppressed"[12] and referred to herself as a "20th century escaped slave". [18], After returning to New York City, Shakur led the BPP chapter in Harlem, coordinating the Free Breakfast Program for children, free clinics, and community outreach. Friedly, Jock (January 13, 1999), "Waters seeks asylum for cop killer". Johnston, Richard J. [124] Chambers, Marcia (December 27, 1973). [20][21][22], She began using the name Assata Olugbala Shakur in 1971, rejecting Joanne Chesimard as a "slave name". Title: Black Liberation Army Papers Creator: Black Liberation Army Inclusive dates: 1963-1998 Extent: 1.5 Linear feet (1 records box and 1 manuscript box) Abstract: . [48], On April 16, 1981, Shakur was allegedly in the back seat of a van connected with a burglary. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, . [179] Hinds argues that "in the history of New Jersey, no woman pretrial detainee or prisoner has ever been treated as she was, continuously confined in a men's prison, under twenty-four-hour surveillance of her most intimate functions, without intellectual sustenance, adequate medical attention, and exercise, and without the company of other women for all the years she was in custody". [199], Shakur was in Cuba by 1984; in that year she was granted political asylum there. The name of Assata Shakur, a woman convicted in the 1973 killing of a New Jersey state trooper, has been used by Black Lives Matter to illustrate what the group called Cuba's "solidarity with. [38] According to later court testimony, Shakur lived in Pittsburgh until August 1980, when she flew to the Bahamas. Shakur converted to Catholicism as a child and attended the all-girls Cathedral High School, for six months before transferring to public high school. [2] Acoli was granted parole in 2022 at the age of 85. [95] The new jury selection was marked by attempts by Williams to be relieved of her duties, owing to disagreements with Shakur as well as with Hilton's attorney. [196] In particular, one pre-dawn April 20, 1980, raid on 92Morningside Avenue, during which FBI agents armed with shotguns and machine guns broke down doors and searched through the building for several hours while preventing residents from leaving, was seen by residents as having "racist overtones". Chambers, Marcia (December 28, 1973). Olugbala means "savior" in Yoruba. Kaufman, Michael T. (February 9, 1972), "9 in Black 'Army' Are Hunted in Police Assassinations". [90] Both defendants were repeatedly cited for contempt of court and eventually barred from the courtroom, where the trial continued in their absence. "Going Back to Class? Brown,[136] Stanley Cohen (who died of unknown causes early on in the Turnpike trial), Lennox Hinds, Florynce Kennedy, Louis Myers, Laurence Stern, and Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt. The great African American revolutionary, Assata Shakur, turned 73 on July 16. (1975). [36] After an $89,000 Brooklyn bank robbery on March 1, 1972, a Daily News headline asked: "Was that JoAnne?" Hanley, Robert (November 4, 1979). Waggoner, Walter H. (March 17, 1977). She said that the police beat and choked her and were "doing everything that they could possibly do as soon as the doctors or nurses would go outside". She's an activist, member of the Black Liberation Army, and escaped convicted murderer with a $2 million bounty currently on her head. that somewhere in your heart you have love for me. Black militancy: notes from the underground. Black Panther activist Assata Shakur was pulled over by New Jersey police, shot twice and then charged with the murder of a police officer in 1973. "Neurosurgeon's Testimony Backs Mrs. Chesimard". [108][109][110], Shakur and four others (including Fred Hilton, Avon White, and Andrew Jackson) were indicted in the State Supreme Court in the Bronx on December 31, 1973, on charges of attempting to shoot and kill two policemenMichael O'Reilly and Roy Polliana, who were wounded but had since returned to dutyin an ambush in St. Albans, Queens on January 28, 1973. [243] In April 2017, former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick's foundation donated $25,000 to the group. While forensic evidence backed up her account, Assata Shakur was sentenced to life plus 33 years in prison for the murder of a police officer, a crime she didn't commit. ", Seedman, Albert and Peter Hellman. Their married life ended within a year; they divorced in December 1970. The Reemergence of Class in Critical Race Theory Symposium: Essay: Accumulation". And in my own mind, only someone who has been so intimately a victim of this madness as I have can do justice to what I have to say. [158] After her escape, Shakur lived as a fugitive for several years. "Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996," Public Law 104-132 is dated April 24, 1996 and . [63] The prosecution argued that Assata had fired the bullets that had wounded Harper, while the defense argued that the now deceased Zayd had fired them. [120][121] The trial was delayed until 1976,[119] when Shakur was represented by Stanley Cohen and Evelyn Williams. Williams often took the girl to museums, theaters, and art galleries.[11]. [99] Kennedy objected to this identification on the grounds that the prosecutor, assistant United States attorney Peter Truebner, had offered to stipulate that Shakur was not depicted in any of the photographs. "Mrs. Chesimard Is Ousted Again as 2d Trial for Robbery Begins". [58] Assata Shakur testified that she was on her way to Baltimore for a job as a bar waitress. [122] The jury determined that a widely circulated FBI photo allegedly showing Shakur participating in the robbery was not her. The students had chained and locked the entrance to a college building to protest the low numbers of black faculty and the lack of a black studies program. [58], According to a New Jersey Police spokesperson, Assata Shakur was on her way to a "new hideout in Philadelphia" and "heading ultimately for Washington". [245][246][247], In April 2018, a North Carolina court ordered that payment of $15,000 be made to Shakur's representative, her sister Beverly Goins, as part of a land deal. Brown, Civil Rights Lawyer, Dies at 94", "Joanne Chesimard Convicted in Killing Of Jersey Trooper", Statement of Facts in the New Jersey trial of Assata Shakur, Assault Charges Add 26 Years To Mrs. Chesimard's Life Term, Chesimard Murder Case Dropped Because of Delay in Holding Trial, Trenton Topics; Court Absolves Felons in Killings Of Accomplices by Their Victims", Miss Chesimard Flees Jersey Prison, Helped By 3 Armed 'Visitors', 2 Ex-Fugitives Convicted of Roles In Fatal Armored-Truck Robbery, "Assata Shakur was convicted of murder. [62][133] During the trial, hundreds of civil rights campaigners demonstrated outside of the Middlesex County courthouse each day. [13], Shakur attended Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC) and then the City College of New York (CCNY) in the mid-1960s, where she became involved in many political activities, civil rights protests, and sit-ins. [81] The trial was delayed for a few days after Shakur was diagnosed with pleurisy. [134] All of the 15 jurorsten women and five menwere white, and most were under thirty years old. Shakur was forcibly subdued and photographed by the FBI on the judge's order, after having refused to cooperate, believing that the FBI would use photo manipulation; a subsequent judge determined that the manners in which the photos were obtained violated Shakur's rights and ruled the new photos inadmissible. Gysin, Fritz, and Mulvey, Christopher (eds.). [134], On February 23, Shakur's attorneys filed papers asking Judge Appleby to subpoena FBI Director Clarence Kelley, Senator Frank Church and other federal and New York City law enforcement officials to testify about the Counter Intelligence Program, which they alleged was designed to harass and disrupt black activist organizations. $55.00 + $5.55 shipping. [230], On December 12, 2006, the Chancellor of the City University of New York, Matthew Goldstein, directed City College's president, Gregory H. Williams, to remove the "unauthorized and inappropriate" designation of the "Guillermo Morales/Assata Shakur Community and Student Center," which was named by students in 1989. [240], In 2015, New Jersey's Kean University dropped hip-hop artist Common as a commencement speaker because of police complaints. [8] In 1950, Shakur's parents divorced and she moved with her grandparents to Wilmington, North Carolina. Assata Olugbala Shakur (born July 16, 1947 as JoAnne Deborah Byron) is an African-American activist.She was a member of the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army.She was put into prison, but in 1984 she managed to escape.She now lives in Havana, Cuba, as a fugitive.She was the first woman to be put on the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists list. Kamau Sadiki (born Fred W. X. Hilton), a co-defendant who shared a cell with Shakur during their trial for armed robbery in the Bronx (of which both were acquitted), is believed to be the father. [27], Following an August 23, 1971, bank robbery in Queens, Shakur was sought for questioning. "Symposium Critical Legal Histories: Lilies of the Field: A Critique of Adjudication". "[221] The bounty announcement reportedly caused Shakur to "drop out of sight" after having previously lived relatively openly (including having her home telephone number listed in her local telephone directory). 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